HIGHER COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUSCAT

Engineering Department
MECHANICAL SECTION

FLUID MECHANICS LAB

MIME 2240P FLUID MECHANICS

3 Credit Hours Pre-requisites: Math1200, ASAC1101, Phys1210

GOAL: To impart essential knowledge of Fluid Mechanics and related equipment as applicable to the Mechanical Engineering industry.

OBJECTIVES
The course should enable students to: 1. Understand the basic properties and principles that govern the behavior of fluids. 2. Understand application of devices used for measurement of fluid properties. 3. Solve simple problems of hydrostatics and fluid flow. 4. Gain knowledge of the various types of fluid pumps, gas(air) compressors and valves commonly used in Mechanical Engineering industries.

OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to: 1. Solve simple problems of hydrostatics. 2. Solve simple problems of fluid flow in pipes using Continuity equation and Bernoullis equation. 3. Be acquainted with the use of common pressure, flow & temperature measuring devices used for hydrostatic and pipe flow applications.

OUTCOMES part2
4. Develop basic knowledge of construction and operation of various types of liquid pumps. 5. Develop the basic knowledge of construction and operation of various types of gas compressors. 6. Gain familiarization with different types of valves used in Mechanical Engineering industries.

BASIC DEFINITION
Fluid mechanics is the study of how

fluids move and the forces on them.

Fluids include liquids and gases.

Fluid mechanics can be divided into

fluid statics, the study of fluids at

rest,

and fluid dynamics, the study of

fluids in motion.

A fluid is defined as a substance that

continually deforms (flows) under

an applied shear stress regardless

of how small the applied stress. All liquids and all gases are fluids.

Distinction between Gas & Liquid: The molecules of a GAS is much farther apart than those of a LIQUID. Hence a GAS is very compressible, and when all external pressure is removed, it tends to expands indefinitely.

GAS therefore is in equilibrium only when it is completely enclosed.

LIQUID is relatively incompressible, & if all pressure, except that of its own vapor pressure, is removed, the cohesion between molecules holds them together, so that the liquid doesnt expand indefinitely. Therefore a liquid may have a free surface, i.e. a surface from which all pressure is removed, except that of its own vapor.

What is the difference between:

VAPOR
GAS

STEAM

VAPOR is a gas whose temperature & pressure are such that it is very near liquid phase. Steam is considered vapor, its state is normally not far from that of water.

GAS may be defined as a high super heated vapor; i.e., its state is far removed from the liquid phase.
Thus air is considered a gas, its state is normally far from liquid air.

DEVICES IN MEASUREMENT FLUID PROPERTIES

BOURDON GAUGE

BOURDON GAUGE (SCHEMATIC)

SOLVE SIMPLE PROBLEMS

VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PUMPS

VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PUMPS part2

DETAILED PARTS LIST OF A RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

MOTOR WITH THE MAGNETIC COILS

INSIDE A RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

CLOSER LOOK OF THE PISTON HEAD

VARIOUS VALVES

SCHEMATIC AND ACTUAL PIPING SYSTEM

VALVES, GAUGES & PIPING SYSTEM IN OIL & GAS FIELDS

INDUSTRIAL MOTOR & CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

EXPLODED VIEW & ASSEMBLY OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

DEEP WELL PUMP

PUMPING OIL & GAS

ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

Experiment #1

Measuring Liquid Densities

OBJECTIVE
To understand the basic properties and principles that govern the behavior of fluids. To familiarized basic fluid measuring devices. To properly understand how to read measurement of fluids. To differentiate Density, Specific Gravity and Relative Density.

Apparatus for Experiment #1

Measuring Cylinders

Apparatus for Experiment #1

Triple Beam Balance

Apparatus for Experiment #1

Different Liquids

HYDROMETERS
The specific gravity of a liquid can be determined with a hydrometer, a hollow, sealed, calibrated glass tube. The depth to which the hydrometer sinks is inversely proportional to the specific gravity of the liquid.

In the close up below, we see that the specific gravity of the blue liquid is 1.016.

How to properly read the fluid measurement

Density and specific gravity have very similar, but not quite identical definitions. Density(mass density) (rho), is the mass per unit volume.

=m/V
Most typically, one expresses the mass per unit volume for a solid or liquid. E.g., 5.2g/cm3. For gases we might express this as g/m3.

Specific gravity (SG) is a ratio of the mass of a material to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4oC (39oF). Because specific gravity is a ratio, it is a unitless quantity. For example, the specific gravity of water at 4oC is 1.0 (unitless) while its density is 1.0 g/cm3.

Relative density (RD) is essentially the same as specific gravity, however the temperature used for the water (or even another material) is not necessarily 4oC.
For this reason, a relative density measurement will include the temperatures used for both materials.

For example, "relative density 15/0: 0.87" indicates that the density of the material was determined at 15oC and it is being divided by the density of water at 0oC.
The temperatures may also be indicated as a superscript (material) and subscript (water) after the numeric value.

At 4oC, the density of water is 1.0g/cm3.

Therefore, density and specific gravity have the same numeric value at this temperature. As we change temperature the volumes of different materials change in different ways.

Most, but not all, materials expand (occupying a greater volume) as temperature is raised, meaning that their densities decrease. As the change in volume of water and other materials are not generally equal, the density and specific gravity may no longer be identical as temperature is changed.

For most materials, the volume change going from 4oC to room temperature (20oC, typically) is not very large.
Therefore, we often use the terms density and specific gravity interchangeably as these values will not differ by more than one or two percent in most cases.

Another use for specific gravity is to tell us if the material will sink or float in water or other liquid (assuming that it does not dissolve, of course). For example, a rock with a density of 4.3 g/cm3 will sink in water (density = 1.0 g/cm3), but a piece of plastic with a density of 0.8 g/cm3 will float in water.

Remember the following: If we have two equal volumes of a substance, the one with the larger density will be heavier. If we have two equal masses of a substance, the one with the larger density will occupy less space (volume).

Densities of some common materials: Balsa wood (0.16 g/cm3) Pine wood (0.5 g/cm3) Gasoline (0.75 g/cm3) Soybean oil (0.92 g/cm3) Aluminum (2.7 g/cm3) Granite (2.75 g/cm3) Lead (11.3 g/cm3) Mercury (13.5 g/cm3) Gold (19.3 g/cm3)
The densest material on Earth (not counting subatomic particles) is iridium metal (22.65 g/cm3).

Weight (Fg) measure of gravitational force measure on a substance. In another word, gravity is the force that cause weight.
Specific Weight (gamma) this is the weight (force exerted by gravity) of a substance per unit volume.

= Fg / V

Some of the sources of potential error in high-precision balances or mechanical scales include the following:

Bouyancy, because the object being weighed displaces a certain amount of air, which must be accounted for. High-precision balances are often operated in a vacuum.

Error in reference weight.

Air gusts, even small ones, which push the scale up or down.

Mis-aligned mechanical components.

Friction in the moving components that prevents the scale from reaching equilibrium Settling airborne dust contributing to the weight. Mis-calibratation The calibration of electronic circuits may drift over time, or due to temperature changes.

Due to thermal expansion/contraction of components of the balance. Magnetic field acting on iron components.

The Earth's magnetic field Fields from nearby electrical wiring

Magnetic disturbances to electronic pick-up coils or other sensors

Forces from electrostatic fields, for example, from feet shuffled on carpets on a dry day. Chemical reactivity between air and the substance being weighed (or the balance itself, in the form of corrosion). Condensation of atmospheric water on cold items.

Evaporation of water from wet items

Convection of air from hot or cold items The Coriolis force from Earth's rotation Gravitational anomalies (i.e. using the balance near a mountain; failing to level and recalibrate the balance after moving it from one geographical location to another) Vibration and seismic disturbances; for example, the rumbling from a passing truck or concrete mixers, etc.

Experiment #2 Measurement of Liquid Viscosity Using Falling Sphere Viscometer

OBJECTIVES
Measure the viscosity of various fluids contained in a vertical tube by measuring the terminal velocity of spherical balls falling through the various fluids. Be able to calculate the viscosity of an unknown liquid using Stokes law. Determine the drag coefficient vs. Reynolds number relationship for various spheres when the fluid viscosity is known.

Apparatus for Experiment #2

Long Glass Tubes

Apparatus for Experiment #2

Spherical Balls

Apparatus for Experiment #2

Different Liquids

Apparatus for Experiment #2

Triple Beam Balance

Apparatus for Experiment #2

Micrometer Caliper

Apparatus for Experiment #2

Stop Watch / Timer

Experiment #3 Measurement Of Flow a. Flow at Venturi meter b. Flow at the Orifice Plate

OBJECTIVES
To understand, measure and compare the actual and expected volume flow rate of water through a VENTURI METER and of the ORIFICE meter. To plot CALIBRATION curve for the flow rate in the ROTAMETER.

Apparatus for Experiment #3

Flow Measuring Apparatus

VENTURI METER

ORIFICE PLATE METER

ROTAMETER

DETAILS OF FLOW MEASURING APPARATUS

HIGHER COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUSCAT Engineering Department

MECHANICAL SECTION

LIST OF INCOMING EQUIPMENTS and EXPERIMENTS

HIGHER COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUSCAT Engineering Department MECHANICAL SECTION

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

List of Equipments 1 2 Centrifugal Pump Module Side Channel Pump Module

3
4 5 6

Lobe Pump (Cam Pump)

Piston Pump Module Gear Pump Module Vane Pump Module

7
8 9 10 11

Hydrodynamics Trainer
Air Compressor Software for Basic Fluid Mechanics Fluid Friction apparatus Pipe Friction apparatus

12
13 14 15

Flow Meter apparatus

Pitot Static Tube apparatus Reynolds Demonstrator Water Hammer

Pipe Friction Apparatus

Hydrodynamics Trainer

Hydrodynamics Trainer
(System Diagram of Water Circuit)

List of Experiments
1
2 3 4 5 6

Performance characteristics of CENTRIFUGAL PUMP Module

Performance characteristics of SIDE CHANNEL PUMP Module Performance characteristics of LOBE PUMP (Cam Pump) Performance characteristics of PISTON PUMP Module Performance characteristics of GEAR PUMP Module Performance characteristics of VANE PUMP Module

7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Experiment on HYDRODYNAMICS Trainer

Performance characteristics of AIR COMPRESSOR Experiment Using Software for BASIC FLUID MECHANICS Experiment on FLUID FRICTION apparatus Experiment on PIPE FRICTION apparatus Experiment on FLOW METER apparatus Experiment on PITOT STATIC TUBE apparatus Experiment on REYNOLDS Demonstrator Experiment on WATER HAMMER

STUDENT SAFETY RULES

It is important that the students observe and carry out the safety instruction at all times in laboratory environment. The following instructions highlight the more obvious points of safety.

STUDENT SAFETY RULES

1. Every student should wear proper Personal Protective Equipments (PPE). a. Cover-all for male students b. Lab-coat for female students