HUMAN REPRODUCTION

SYSTEM
created by:

NIKKO ADHITAMA
Male reproduction organ anatomy…(1)

Seminal (Urinar
vesicle y
(behind bladder
bladder
)
Prostate
gland
Urethr Bulbourethral
a
Erectile
Scrotu tissue
m Vas
of penis
Epididymi
deferens
Glans s
Testis 2
penis
Male reproduction organ anatomy…(2)

(Urinar
Seminal
y
vesicle
bladder
(Rectum (Pubic
) bone)
Erectile
Vas
tissue
deferens
Ejaculatory of
duct penis
Prostate
gland Urethr
Bulbourethral a
Glans
gland Epididymi
penis
Vas Testis s
deferens Prepuc
Scrotu
e
m 3
…enrichment…
 The male external reproduction organs are:
Scrotum
Penis

 The male internal reproduction organs are:

A pair of gonads which produce sperm.
A group of glands and vesicle which produce
enzyme and sperm’s food.

4
 Male gonads (a pair of testes) located under
the abdominal cavity (hanging outside the
body)
 A testis mainly consist of:
A long coiled tube called tubulus seminiferus.
Lydig cell produce hormones (androgen, …………
………...testosteron)
 The spermatogenesis process occurs at
tubulus seminiferus.

5
 Spermatogenesis normally cannot occurred at
the body temperature.
 So, that’s why the testes hanging outside the
abdominal cavity where the temperature are
about 2-4 degree lower.

6
Epididymis and vas deferens
 After passes the long coiled seminiferus tubule
the sperm now flow through another long
coiled tubule called epididymis.
 The length of epididymis approximately 6 m.

 Inside this tubule, the sperm experience

maturation.

7
penis
 Composed by three cylinder of spongy erectile
tissues.

 During sexual arousal the erectile tissues filled

by blood and causing an erection.

8
Glands
 Seminal Vesicle
Secretes mucus, coagulating enzyme,
ascorbic acid, prostaglandin, and sugar
(fructose).

 Prostate Gland
Secretes alkalis suspension, and sperm
nutrients.

 Bulbourethral Glands
Secretes transparent mucus to neutralize 9
the urethra.
FEMALE REPRODUCTION ORGAN
ANATOMY…(1)
Uteru
s (Urinary
Oviduc bladder)
(Pubic
t bone)

(Rectum
)
Cervi
x
Vagin Urethr
a a
Shaf
t
Glan Clitori
Bartholin’s s s
Prepuc
gland
e

Labia 10
Vaginal
minora
opening Labia
majora
FEMALE REPRODUCTION ORGAN
ANATOMY…(2)
Oviduc
Ovarie t
s

Follicle
Uterine s
Uteru wall
Endometriu
s
m Corpus
luteum

Cervi
x

Vagin
a

11
…enrichment…
 The female external reproduction organs are:
Two sets of Labia
 Labia mayor
 Labia minor

Clitoris

 The female internal reproduction organs are:

A pair of gonads
Series of ducts and chamber that carry the
gametes and protect the implanted embryo

12
 The female’s gonads (ovary) lies in the
abdominal cavity.
 Each ovaries enclosed with plenty of
protective tissues and contain many follicles.

what is follicles??

13
 The female’s gonads (ovary) lies in the
abdominal cavity.
 Each ovaries enclosed with plenty of
protective tissues and contain many follicles.

follicles is a structure that covers the egg.

Inside these follicles the oogenesis and the
maturation of egg take place.

14
Oviducts and uterus
 Oviduct is a duct where the egg and sperm
meet each other and fertilizing.
 Oviduct interior consist of plenty of cilia which
help the egg travels along the duct.

 Uterus is a bold flexible muscled organ where

the embryo develop and grow.
 Uterus can accommodate an embryo over 4
kg in weight.

15
Vagina and vulva
 Vagina is a bold-walled chamber
 Vagina is a transit place for sperm during
copulation.

 The end of vagina called vulva.

 Vulva consist of:
Hymen
Labia
Clitoris
Bartholin gland

16
 17

Spermatogenesis
Sperm structure

Neck
Plasma
Membrane Central body Head

Tail

Mitochondrio
n
(spiral)

Sentriole

Nucleus

18
Acrosom
e
Oogenesis

19
Menstruation Cycle and ovarian
20

cycle
Explanation
The hormone coordinating the
menstruation and ovarian cycle. The hormone
involved are:
FSH
LH
Estrogen
Progesterone

Menstruation normally occurs in 28 days.

Phases in menstruation cycle:
Menstruation Phase
Repair Phase
Receptive Phase 21
Pre-menstrual Phase
FSH and LH
 FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
Produced by anterior pituitary. FSH
stimulates the development of follicle inside
the ovary. This also means FSH stimulate the
formation of egg cell.

 LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Also produced by anterior pituitary. LH
triggers the release of secondary oocyte
(ovum) from follicles. So, the ovulation is
triggered by this hormone.
22
Estrogen and Progesterone
 Estrogen
Produced by follicle. This hormone
stimulate endometrial wall growth and
maintains the female secondary sex
characteristics.

 Progesterone
Produced by corpus luteum (old follicle).
This hormone also stimulate and protect the
endometrial wall after ovulation.

23
Menstruation Cycle
 Menstrual Phase (day 0-5)
In this phase, the endometrial wall
degenerated and causing bleeding.
Menstruation caused by the intolerable
decreasing of progesterone and estrogen
hormone.

--click--

24
25
Menstruation Cycle
 Repair Phase (6-14)
FSH released by anterior pituitary and the
follicles inside ovary started to grow.
The follicle keep growing and become
Follicle de Graaf. Follicle de Graaf produce
estrogen.

The endometrial wall is repaired during this

stage. Many blood vessels and capillaries
started to grow there.

26
 The level of estrogen then increase
significantly and causing “negative feedback”
for the production of FSH.

After pituitary stop releasing FSH, it started

to release LH.
LH triggers ovulation and the follicles
release secondary oocyte.
--click--

27
28
Menstruation Cycle
 Receptive Phase (day 15-25)
After ovulation, Follicle de Graaf grows
become Corpus Luteum.
Corpus Luteum produce both estrogen and
progesterone.

After progesterone released, endometrium

grows well and ready for implantation of
embryo.

--click--
29
30
Menstruation Cycle
 Pre-menstrual Phase
If there is no fertilization occurred, the
corpus luteum degenerate become corpus
albicans.
Corpus albicans do not producing estrogen
and progesterone.

Because the level of these hormone

decreased, the endometrium wall
degenerates.

the menstruation cycle ready to start

again… 31
32
Important notes
 Menstruation cycle only occurs in female
mammals.
 This cycle will stop in the age of 46-54 (after
450 cycle). This event called Menopause.

 Male mammals can produce sperm for their

lifetime.

33
Gestation
 Gestation is a condition when female
mammals carrying one or more embryo(s) in
the uterus.
3 Cleavage (cell 4 Cleavage continues.
division) By the time the embryo
begins in the oviduct reaches the uterus,
as the embryo is it is a ball of cells.
moved It floats in the uterus for
toward the uterus Ovar
several days, nourished
by peristalsis and the y
by
2 Fertilization occurs. A endometrial secretions.
sperm It
enters the oocyte; meiosis 5 The blastocyst implants
of in the endometrium
the oocyte finishes; and the about 7 days after
nuclei of the ovum and Uteru
conception.
1 Ovulation releases a s
secondary oocyte, Endometriu
which m
(a From ovulation enters
to the oviduct.
) implantation
Endometriu Inner cell
m mass

Cavit
y

Blastocys Trophoblas 34
t t
(b Implantation of
) blastocyst
 Materna Materna
l l
arteries veins
Placent
a

Maternal
portion
of placenta
Umbilical
cord
Chorionic
villus
containing Fetal portion of
fetal placenta
Maternal (chorion)
blood
pools

Uteru Umbilical
Fetal
s arteries
Umbilical
arteriole
Fetal
venule vein
Umbilical
cord

35
Signs of Gestation
 HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) level
increases. HCG produced by placenta and can
be found inside the blood or urine of pregnant
female.
 Menstruation cycle stops.

 Vomiting in the morning, mainly in the first

month of gestation.
 Urinate frequency increases.

 Breast enlarges

 (sometimes) Craving

36
Gestation Period
 First Trimester (0-12 weeks)
This is the most important period during
gestation.
First Trimester is the main period for
organogenesis.
The fetus acquire nutrients, oxygen, and
excrete its waste through its mother.

37
 Second Trimester (12-28 weeks)
The fetus grows and become very active.
The mother can feel the fetus’ movements.
Placenta, umbilical cord, and fetal membrane
forms.

Placenta supplies nutrients for fetus

through umbilical cord.
Fetal membrane act like a shock beaker. It
protect the fetus from vibration.

38
 Third Trimester
The fetus continue to grow and experiences
“organs maturation”.
It is suggested for the mother to have a
routine ANC (Ante Natal Care) check.
H
ead
H
ead B
ody
B
ody

39
(a) 5 weeks. Limb buds, eyes, (b) 14 weeks. Growth and (c) 20 weeks. By the end of
the development of the the
heart, the liver, and offspring, second trimester (at 24
rudiments now called a fetus, weeks),
of all other organs have continue the fetus grows to about 30
started during the second

40
Birth
Estroge Oxytoci
n n
from from fetus
ovarie and mother's

feedback
Positive
s posterior
Induces oxytocin pituitary
receptors on
uterus Stimulates
uterus
to contract
Stimulates
placenta to
make
Prostaglandin
s

Stimulate
more
contractions
of uterus

After 40 weeks, the fetus now ready to undergoes birth.

Series of hormone control this process.
41
 Three Steps of Birth
Placent Process
a
Umbilica
l
cord
•First Step
Uteru
s
Cervi Dilatation of cervix
x
causing the opening
1 Dilation of the
cervix and flattening the
cervix.
•Second Step
The delivery of infant
2 Expulsion: delivery of the through several
infant
contraction.
Uteru
s
Placenta
•Final Step
(detachin
g)
The last contraction
Umbilica
l causing the delivery
3 Delivery of the
cord
of placenta.
placenta 42
Reproductive Hormone
 Male Reproductive Hormone
Testosterone
Produced by testis. Stimulate the secondary
male sex characteristics.
Androgen
Same with testosterone.

 Female Reproductive Hormone

Estrogen
Produced in ovaries. It stimulate the secondary
female sex characteristics.
Progesterone
Produced in ovaries. Along with estrogen, 43
maintain the endometrium development.
 Menstruation Hormone
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
 Gestation Hormone
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
Stimulate the formation of placenta
Progesterone and Estrogen
Produced by corpus luteum. Later, this
hormone will replaced by placenta.
Prolactin
Stimulate mammary glands to produce milk.
44
 Birth Hormone
Estrogen and Prostaglandin
Stimulate the contraction of uterus and inhibit
the progesterone.
Oxytocin
Stimulate the uterus contraction
Relaxin
Stimulate the relaxation on sinphyisis pubis
muscle.

45
Contraception
 Impermanent Contraception
KB pill
KB pill contains progesterone or estrogen or
both hormone.
IUD (Intra Uterine Device)
Prevent the embryo from attaching in uterus.
Spermicidal
Destroy the sperm cell during copulation.
Cervical cup
Prevent the sperm from entering uterus.
Condom
Patch the sperm.
Abstinence
No copulation during fertile phase 46
Contraception
 Permanent Contraception
Vasectomy
Cutting the vas deferens and bind it. So the
semen do not contain sperm cell.

Tubectomy
Cutting fallopian tube and bind it. 47
Sexual transmitted diseases
 Gonorea
Caused by a bacteria named Neisseria
gonorrhoeae. The incubation time after
infection is about 2-10 days. The symptoms
are:
Pain,
Inflammation,
and accumulation of abses around genital organ.
This disease can cause infertility in both
male and female.

48
Sexual transmitted diseases
 Genital Herpes
This disease caused by a virus named
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). The incubation
time is about 4-7 days after infection. The
symptoms appear are:
Small nodules around genital organs
When these nodules broke will cause ulcer
This disease is predicted to be the
beginning of cervix cancer.

49
Sexual transmitted disease
 Syphilis
This disease caused by Treponema
pallidium. Incubation time is about 3-4 weeks
or up to 13 weeks.
For the next 2-3 years this disease is latent
(dormant). Then it will attack the central nerve
system, blood vessels, and cardiac.
The baby born from infected maternal
could be infected.

50
Sexual transmitted disease
 Trichomoniasis Vaginalis
Trichomoniasis Vaginalis is a STD caused
by Trichomonas vaginalis from sporozoit class.
The symptoms are:
There found a dilute bad-smelled liquid from
genital organ.
The inflammation of vulva.
Pain during urinate.

51
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome)

52
 AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)
is a disease caused by HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus).
 HIV attack white blood cell (esp. T-Cell). And
causing the sufferers lose their immunity.
 No medicine found to overcome this disease.
Interpheron and other medicine only help the
sufferers to elongate their life expectancy.

53
Pictures and materials
are taken from
Campbell 6th Edition

54