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Suspended Ceilings
Suspended Ceilings ~ these can be defined as ceilings which are fixed to a framework suspended from main structure thus forming a void between the two components.
Suspended Ceilings
requirements of suspended ceilings are: 1. They should be easy to construct, repair, maintain and clean.
Suspended Ceilings
2. So designed that an adequate means of access is provided to the void space for the maintenance of the suspension system, concealed services and/or light fittings.
Doors
3. Provide any required sound and/or thermal insulation.
Suspended Ceilings
4. Provide any required acoustic control in terms of absorption and reverberation.
Suspended Ceilings
5. Provide if required structural fire protection to structural steel beams supporting a concrete floor
Suspended Ceilings
6. Conform with the minimum requirements set out in the Building Regulations and in particular the regulations governing the restriction of spread of flame over surfaces of ceilings and the exceptions permitting the use of certain plastic materials.
Suspended Ceilings
7. Design to be based on a planning module preferably a dimensional coordinated system with a first preference module of 300mm
Suspended Ceilings
Suspended Ceilings
Classification of Suspended Ceiling
1. Joint less suspended ceilings. 2. Paneled suspended ceilings 3. Decorative and open suspended ceiling
Suspended Ceilings
Joint less Suspended Ceilings ~ these forms of suspended ceilings provide a continuous and joint less surface with the internal appearance of a conventional ceiling. They may be selected to fulfill fire resistance requirements or to provide a robust form of suspended ceiling. The two common ways of construction are a plasterboard or expanded metal lathing soffit with hand applied plaster finish or a sprayed applied rendering with a cement base.
Suspended Ceilings
Suspended Ceilings
Paneled Suspended Ceilings ~ these are the most popular form of suspended ceiling consisting of a suspended grid framework to which the ceiling covering is attached. The covering can be of a tile, tray, board or strip format in a wide variety of materials with an exposed or concealed supporting framework. Services such as luminaries can usually be incorporated within the system. Generally paneled systems are easy to assemble and install using a water level or laser beam for initial and final leveling. Provision for maintenance access can be easily incorporated into most systems and layouts.
Suspended Ceilings
Suspended Ceilings
Decorative and Open Suspended Ceilings ~ these ceilings usually consist of an openwork grid or suspended shapes onto which the lights fixed at, above or below ceiling level can be trained thus creating a decorative and illuminated effect. Many of these ceilings are purpose designed and built as opposed to the proprietary systems associated with joint less and paneled suspended ceilings
Suspended Ceilings
Painting
Painting
Functions ~ the main functions of paint are to provide: 1. An economic method of surface protection to building materials and components.
Painting
Functions ~ the main functions of paint are to provide: 2. An economic method of surface decoration to building materials and components.
Painting
Composition ~ the actual composition of any paint can be complex but the basic components are:-
Painting
1. Binder ~ this is the liquid vehicle or medium which dries to form the surface film and can be composed of linseed oil, drying oils, synthetic resins and water. The first function of a paint medium is to provide a means of spreading the paint over the surface and at the same time acting as a binder to the pigment
Painting
Pigment ~ this provides the body, colour, durability and corrosion protection properties of the paint. White lead pigments are very durable and moisture resistant but are poisonous and their use is generally restricted to priming and undercoating paints. If a paint contains a lead pigment the fact must be stated on the container. The general pigment used in paint is titanium dioxide which is not poisonous and gives good obliteration of the undercoats
Painting
Solvents and Thinners ~ these are materials which can be added to a paint to alter its viscosity.
Painting - Categories
Oil Based paints these are available in priming, undercoat and finishing grades. The latter can be obtained in a wide range of colours and finishes such as matt, semi-matt, eggshell, satin, gloss and enamel. Polyurethane paints have a good hardness and resistance to water and cleaning. Oil based paints are suitable for most applications if used in conjunction with correct primer and undercoat
Painting-Categories
Water Based Paints most of these are called emulsion paints the various finishes available being obtained by adding to the water medium additives such as alkyd resin & polyvinyl acetate (PVA). Finishes include matt, eggshell, semi-gloss and gloss. Emulsion paints are easily applied, quick drying and can be obtained with a washable finish and are suitable for most applications
Painting- Supply
Supply ~ paint is usually supplied in metal containers ranging from 250 milliliters to 5 liters capacity to the colour ranges recommended in BS 381C (colours for specific purposes) and BS4800 (paint colours for building purposes).
Painting - Application
Application ~ paint can be applied to almost any surface providing the surface preparation and sequence of paint coats are suitable. The manufacturers specification and/or the recommendations of BS 6150 (painting of buildings) should be followed. Preparation of the surface to receive the paint is of the utmost importance since poor preparation is one of the chief causes of paint failure. The preparation consists basically of removing all dirt, grease, dust and ensuring that the surface will provide an adequate key for the paint which is to be applied. In new work the basic build-up of paint coats consists of:
Painting
1. Priming Coats these are used on unpainted surfaces to obtain the necessary adhesion and to inhibit corrosion of ferrous metals. New timber should have the knots treated with a solution of shellac or other alcohol based resin called knotting prior to the application of the primer.
Painting
2. Undercoats these are used on top of the primer after any defects have been made good with a suitable stopper or filler. The primary function of an undercoat is to give the opacity and build-up necessary for the application of the finishing coat(s).
Painting
3. Finish applied directly over the undercoating in one or more coats to impart the required colour and finish.
Painting- Methods
1. Brush the correct type, size and quality of brush such as those recommended in BS 2992 needs to be selected and used. To achieve a first class finish by means of brush application requires a high degree of skill.
Painting- Methods
2. Spray as with brush application a high degree of skill is required to achieve a good finish. Generally compressed air sprays or airless sprays are used for building works.
Painting-Methods
3. Roller simple and inexpensive method of quickly and cleanly applying a wide range of paints to flat and textured surfaces. Roller heads vary in size from 50 to 450mm wide with various covers such as sheepskin, synthetic pile fibers, mohair and foamed polystyrene. All paint applicators must be thoroughly cleaned after use.
Painting- Defects
Paint Defects ~ these may be due to poor or incorrect preparation of the surface, poor application of the paint and/or chemical reactions. The general remedy is to remove all the affected paint and carry out the correct preparation of the surface before applying in the correct manner new coats of paint. Most paint defects are visual and therefore an accurate diagnosis of the cause must be established before any remedial treatment is undertaken.
Painting- Defects
1. Bleeding staining and disruption of the paint surface by chemical action, usually caused by applying an incorrect paint over another. Remedy is to remove affected paint surface and repaint with correct type of overcoat paint.
Painting- Defects
3. Blooming mistiness usually on high gloss or varnished surfaces due to the presence of moisture during application. It can be avoided by not painting under these conditions. Remedy is to remove affected paint and repaint.
Painting- Defects
4. Chalking powdering of the paint surface due to natural ageing or the use of poor quality paint. Remedy is to remove paint if necessary, prepare surface and repair colour and finish.
Painting- Defects
6. Flaking and Peeling can be due to poor adhesion, presence of moisture, painting over unclean areas or poor preparation. Remedy is to remove defective paint, prepare surface and Repaint.
Painting- Defects
7. Grinning due to poor opacity of paint film allowing paint coat below or background to show through, could be the result of poor application; incorrect thinning or the use of the wrong colour. Remedy is to apply further coats of paint to obtain a satisfactory surface.
Painting- Defects
8. Saponification formation of soap from alkali present in or on surface painted. The paint is ultimately destroyed and a brown liquid appears on the surface. Remedy is to remove the paint films and seal the alkaline surface before repainting.
Builders Plant
Builders Plant
General Considerations ~ items of builders plant ranging from small hand held power tools to larger pieces of plant such as mechanical excavators and tower cranes can be considered for use for one or more of the following reasons :
Builders Plant
1. Increased production
Builders Plant
2. Reduction in overall construction costs
Builders Plant
3. Carry out activities which cannot be carried out by the traditional manual methods in the context of economics.
Builders Plant
4. Eliminate heavy manual work thus reducing fatigue and as a consequence increasing productivity.
Builders Plant
5. Replacing labour where there is a shortage of personnel with the necessary skills.
Builders Plant
6. Maintain the high standards required particularly in the context of structural engineering works.
Builders Plant
Plant Costing ~ with the exception of small pieces of plant, which are usually purchased, items of plant can be bought or hired or where there are a number of similar items a combination of buying and hiring could be considered.
Builders Plant
Plant Costing ~ The choice will be governed by economic factors and the possibility of using the plant on future sites thus enabling the costs to be apportioned over several contracts.
Builders Plant
Advantages of Hiring Plant:1. Plant can be hired for short periods.
Builders Plant
Advantages of Hiring Plant:2. Repairs and replacements are usually the responsibility of the hire company.
Builders Plant
Advantages of Hiring Plant:3. Plant is returned to the hire company after use thus relieving the building contractor of the problem of disposal or finding more work for the plant to justify its purchase or retention.
Builders Plant
Advantages of Hiring Plant:4. Plant can be hired with the operator, fuel and oil included in the hire rate.
Builders Plant
Advantages of Buying Plant:1. Plant availability is totally within the control of the contractor.
Builders Plant
Advantages of Buying Plant:2. Hourly cost of plant is generally less than hired plant.
Builders Plant
Advantages of Buying Plant:3. Owner has choice of costing method
Thank You
Senarath Bandara