Autotransformer

1
GOALS OF THE LESSON

In this lesson we shall learn about the working principle of another type of transformer called autotransformer and its uses. The differences between a 2-winding and an autotransformer will be brought out with their relative advantages and disadvantages.
ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering
Spring 2008
Autotransformer
Spring 2008
The autotransformer
Sometimes, it is desirable to change the voltage by a small amount (for instance, when the consumer is far away from the generator and it is needed to raise the voltage to compensate for voltage drops). In such situations, it would be expensive to wind a transformer with two windings of approximately equal number of turns. An autotransformer (a transformer with only one winding) is used instead.
Diagrams of step-up and step-down autotransformers:
Series winding
Series winding
Common winding
Common winding
Output (up) or input (down) voltage is a sum of voltages across common and series windings.
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2 wdg xfrmer as auto trans.
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Auto Xformer as a single unit
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The autotransformer
Since the autotransformers coils are physically connected, a different terminology is used for autotransformers: The voltage across the common winding is called a common voltage VC, and the current through this coil is called a common current IC. The voltage across the series winding is called a series voltage VSE, and the current through that coil is called a series current ISE. The voltage and current on the low-voltage side are called VL and IL; the voltage and current on the high-voltage side are called VH and IH. For the autotransformers:
VC N C VSE N SE
(4.68.1)
NC I C N SE I SE
(4.68.2) (4.68.3) (4.68.4)
VL VC VH VC VSE
I L I C I SE I H I SE
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Autotransformer connected for stepdown operation
NHS = # of turns on the High Side NLS = # of turns embraced by the Low Side
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Voltage and Current relationships in an Autotransformer

Combining (4.68.1) through (4.68.4), for the high-side voltage, we arrive at
N SE N SE VH VC VC VL VL NC NC
Therefore: The current relationship will be:
(4.69.1)
NC VL VH N C N SE
(4.69.2)
I L I SE
N SE N I SE I H SE I H NC NC
(4.69.3)
Therefore:
I L N C N SE IH NC
(4.69.4)
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Autotransformer Example
Turns ratio = a = NHS / NLs = NA / NB = 80 / 20 = 4

VLS = VHS / a = 120 V / 4 = 30 V ILS = VLS / ZLOAD = 30/0.5 = 60A >> IHS = ILS / a = 60/4 = 15A
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10
Autotransformer Example continued
How did the load current become 60A? 15A provided directly to the load by VHS 45A provided to the load by transformer action
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Example 3.1
A 400-turn autotransformer, operating in the step-down mode with a 25% tap, supplies a 4.8-kVA, 0.85 Fp lagging load. The input to the transformer is 2400-V, 60-Hz. Neglecting the small losses and leakage effects, determine (a) the load current, (b) the incoming line current, (c) the transformed current, (d) the apparent power conducted and the apparent power transformed.
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Example 3.1 part a
a = NHS / NLS = 400/(0.25)(400) = 4 VLS = VHS / a = 2400 / 4 = 600 V ILS = 4800 VA / 600 V = 8 A = ILOAD
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Example 3.1 parts b, c, d
(b) ILINE = IHS = ILS / a = 8 A / 4 = 2 A (c) ITR = ILS IHS = (8 2) A = 6 A (d) Scond = IHSVLS = (2 A)(600 V) = 1200 VA Strans = ITRVLS = (6 A)(600 V) = 3600 VA
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Two-Winding Transformer connected as an Autotransformer
Two-Winding Transformer
Reconnected as Autotransformer
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S (V V ) I
at 1 2
S V I
2w 2 at
S (a 1) S
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2w
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Example 3.2
A 10-kVA, 60-Hz, 2400240-V distribution transformer is reconnected for use as a step-up autotransformer with a 2640-V output and a 2400-V input. Determine
(a) the rated primary and secondary currents when connected as an autotransformer; (b) the apparent-power rating when connected as an autotransformer.
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Example 3.2 continued

As a two-winding transformer
10kV A I 41.67A 240V 41.67A I 4.167A 10

LS HS
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Example 3.2 continued

As an autotransformer
2400 S (a 1) S ( 1) 10 110kV A 240

at 2w
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Example 3.2 Simulation

XWM1
T1 10 Iinput + 45.859 A
AC 1e-009Ohm LOAD 63.35 Ohm + 4.357 + 41.672 Ico nducted A AC 1e-009Ohm Itransformed A AC 1e-009Ohm + U1 2.640k V AC 1MOhm
V1 2400 V 60 Hz 0Deg
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The apparent power advantage

Not all the power traveling from the primary to the secondary winding of the autotransformer goes through the windings. As a result, an autotransformer can handle much power than the conventional transformer (with the same windings). Considering a step-up autotransformer, the apparent input and output powers are:
Sin VL I L Sout VH I H
It is easy to show that
(4.70.1) (4.70.2) (4.70.3)
Sin Sout S IO
where SIO is the input and output apparent powers of the autotransformer. However, the apparent power in the autotransformers winding is
SW VC I C VSE I SE
Which is:
(4.70.4)
SW VL I L I H VL I L VL I H VL I L VL I L NC N SE S IO N SE NC N SE NC
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(4.70.5)
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Therefore, the ratio of the apparent power in the primary and secondary of the autotransformer to the apparent power actually traveling through its windings is
S IO N SE N C SW N SE
(4.71.1)
The last equation described the apparent power rating advantage of an autotransformer over a conventional transformer.
SW is the apparent power actually passing through the windings. The rest passes from primary to secondary parts without being coupled through the windings. Note that the smaller the series winding, the greater the advantage!
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For example, a 5 MVA autotransformer that connects a 110 kV system to a 138 kV system would have a turns ratio (common to series) 110:28. Such an autotransformer would actually have windings rated at:
SW S IO
N SE 28 5 1.015MVA N SE N C 28 110
Therefore, the autotransformer would have windings rated at slightly over 1 MVA instead of 5 MVA, which makes is 5 times smaller and, therefore, considerably less expensive. However, the construction of autotransformers is usually slightly different. In particular, the insulation on the smaller coil (the series winding) of the autotransformer is made as strong as the insulation on the larger coil to withstand the full output voltage.
The primary disadvantage of an autotransformer is that there is a direct physical connection between its primary and secondary circuits. Therefore, the electrical isolation of two sides is lost.
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The apparent power advantage: Ex

Example 4.7: A 100 VA, 120/12 V transformer will be connected to form a step-up autotransformer with the primary voltage of 120 V. a. What will be the secondary voltage? b. What will be the maximum power rating? c. What will be the power rating advantage? a. The secondary voltage:
VH N C N SE 120 12 VL 120 132V NC 120
b. The max series winding current: The secondary apparent power: c. The power rating advantage:
I SE ,max
S max 100 8.33 A VSE 12
Sout VS I S VH I H 132 8.33 1100VA

S IO 1100 11 SW 100 S IO N SE N C 120 12 132 11 SW N SE 12 12
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or
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Variable-voltage autotransformers
The effective per-unit impedance of an autotransformer is smaller than of a conventional transformer by a reciprocal to its power advantage. This is an additional disadvantage of autotransformers.
It is a common practice to make variable voltage autotransformers.
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Pros and cons

economical, autotransformer has less leakage flux hence improved regulation. Copper loss in the common portion of the winding will be less, so efficiency will be slightly more.
However its one major disadvantage is that it can not provide isolation between HV and LV side. In fact, due to an open circuit in the common portion between E & C, the voltage on the load side may soot up to dangerously high voltage causing damage to equipment. This unexpected rise in the voltage on the LV side is potentially dangerous to the personnel working on the LV side.
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THANK YOU
Spring 2008

Autotransformer

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1

GOALS OF THE LESSON

ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering

ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering

Diagrams of step-up and step-down autotransformers:

2 wdg xfrmer as auto trans.

ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering

Auto Xformer as a single unit

ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering

(4.68.2) (4.68.3) (4.68.4)