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The Swiss psychologist and educator Jean Piaget is famous for his learning theories based on different stages in the development of children's intelligence.
Assimilation This is the process of fitting a new experiences into an existing or previously created cognitive structure or schema. Accommodation This is the process of creating a new schema. Equilibration is achieving proper balance between assimilation and accommodation.
Pre-operational Stage
- covers from about 2-7 years old, roughly corresponding to the preschool years. - During this stage, the child learns to use and to represent objects by images, words, and drawings. - The child is able to form stable concepts as well as mental reasoning and magical beliefs.
- The child however is still not able to perform operations; tasks that the child can do mentally rather than physically. - Thinking is still egocentric.
Egocentrism
- this is the ability of a child to only see his point of view and too assume that everyone also has his same point of view.
Centration
- this refers to the tendency of the child to only focus on one aspect of a thing or event and exclude other aspects.
Reversibility
The pre-operational children still has the inability to reverse their thinking.
Animism
This is the tendency of children to attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects.
Transductive Reasoning
This refers to the pre-operational childs type of reasoning that is neither inductive or deductive. Reasoning appears to be from particular to particular i.e., if A causes B, then B causes A.
Concrete-operational Stage
This stage, which follows the preoperational stage, occurs between the ages of 7 and 11 years and is characterized by the appropriate use of logic. Important processes during this stage are:
Reasoning
- this is the ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weigh data in order to make a final decision or judgment.
Analogical Reasoning
- this is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow down possible answer in another similar situation or problem.
Deductive Reasoning
- this is the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular instance or situation.