1st Kashmir International Conference on Linguistics

Institute of Languages & Department of English

UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR

TOPIC

CODE MIXING IN PAKISTANI URDU NEWSPAPERS: AN ANALYSIS OF SPORTS NEWS

PRESESENTED BY: RABEAH SAEED KIANI
& MUHAMMAD ANWAR-UL-HAQ

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study

Communication is a basic need for human beings. The main instrument of communication is language.
Most of the people all over the world routinely use two or more languages in their daily lives. In most of the countries of United Nations and Europe people speak more than one language. This also happens to the Indonesian people who are usually bilingual. People in Pakistan usually master at least the National language (Urdu) and the regional language such as Punjabi, Sindhi , Pushto and other for doing conversations.

Educated people usually master foreign language, such as English, French, Chinese, etc. The fact that people can use more than one language encourage them to mix codes whenever they speak. In a multilingual community, speaker tends to mix one language to the other, which is commonly called as code mixing. According to Suwito (2004: p60) Code mixing is the use of two or more languages by entering the pieces of a language into another while the pieces of language which are inserted do not have their function. Newspaper is one kind of digital media, the written language that printed and published every month, every week, or every day. There is lot of information that can be achieved from newspapers, for example politics, economy, entertainment, and sports.

1.3 Pakistani Context

Power

Kachru (1997: p227) pointed at the ideological, Opportunity cultural and elitist power of English.
social prestige

practical necessity

English

success
social superiority

1.5 Research Statement

There is frequent use of code mixing of English in Urdu newspapers; however the frequency of code mixing varies in certain linguistic categories within a newspaper and also relative to other newspapers.
1.6 Research Question

Why and which type of linguistic category of code mixing is frequent in Pakistani Urdu newspapers in The Express, The Nawaiwaqt and The Jang?
1.7 Aims and Objectives

To check the frequency of code mixing of English in sports Page of Urdu newspapers. To find out the reasons of code mixing in Urdu newspapers. To compare the frequency of occurrence of code mixing in sports page in three Urdu newspapers.

Delimitations

Only three newspapers are analyzed. Only Sports page is analyzed from these newspapers. Due to lack of time the researcher only analyzed the data of 2 weeks. Only codes mixed elements are analyzed to have quantitative and qualitative findings.

Reasons Of Code Mixing

Tse (1992) gives the following reasons for code mixing :

To serve as a solidarity marker of group membership; To fill a lexical gap owing to high frequency, field specific English vocabulary related to work or studies; To show off; and To serve as euphemism or some kind of emotional buffer in place of the unwanted taboo words or words carrying emotive meaning in Cantonese

Code mixing is a fact of bilingual and multilingual societies. Linguists have defined it differently and divided it into different types. Whatever be the definition of code mixing, it is concerned with the use of two languages. Code mixing is happening in almost all the languages of the world. Like these languages, it is also happening with Pakistani languages. Code mixing could be

observed in spoken and written language.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Nature of the research

Sample The Express, The Nawai waqt and The Jang Data for current research Data Collection and research procedure

4. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Categories of Data analysis Within word hybridization

words

phrases

Adjectives

Adverbs

Nouns

Noun Phrases

Verb Phrases

Noun Phrase Insertion Noun Phrase Hybridization

Hybridization within words

According to Bakhtin (1981) hybridization is an utterance that in terms of grammar and composition belongs to a single speaker but actually has two utterances, containing two speech manners, two styles and two languages with two different systems. In all the instances of hybridization in this category, a pattern of mixing of English noun+ Urdu suffix can be observed.
Matchon = Match (singular English noun) + on (plural marker of Urdu)

Wicketon= Wicket (singular English noun) + on (plural marker of Urdu)

Teamon = Team (singular English noun) + on (plural marker of Urdu) Playeron = Player (singular English noun) + on (plural marker of Urdu) Centurian = Century (singular English noun) + ian (plural marker of Urdu) So it can be concluded that most of the hybridization is occurring for the purpose of plural making.

Comparison of Code mixing of hybridized words in three newspapers

Code mixing in Nouns

As noted by Chan (1998), Cantonese-English code-mixing most often takes the form of single English words surrounded by Cantonese constituents. Most of these English words are content words, rather than function words (Gibbons, 1987).

Concrete nouns: Injury, Festival, Board etc. Abstract nouns: Unfit,

Condition, Advice, Fitness etc.

Countable nouns: Matches, Overs, Runs, and Stadium etc. Uncountable nouns: Police, Rush, and Bowling etc. Equivalent in Urdu: Match, Players , injury, trick etc. Dont have equivalents in Urdu: Trophy, Police, Schedule, and Series
etc.

Borrowed words: Wicket, Fielding, Bowling and Credit Acronyms and abbreviations : ICC, IPL and WAPDA etc. Compound Nouns : Quarter final, Mega event, Press Conference ,
Fast Bowler etc.

Comparison of code mixing of nouns in three newspapers

Code mixing in Noun Phrases: Noun Phrase Insertion

A noun phrase consists of s noun and its modifiers. The noun is the head of a noun phrase and modifiers are the words, which modify or restrict the meanings of a noun.

Verbs as modifiers :
Practice Session etc.

Swimming Pole, Organizing Committee, Green shirts, Fast Bowler, Social

Adjectives as modifiers :
Networks etc.

Nouns as modifiers: Domestic cricket, World cup Cricket, Sportsman

Spirit, etc.

Comparison of frequencies of Code mixed noun phrase insertion

Code mixing in Noun Phrases: Noun Phrase Hybridization

Hybridized noun phrases are those phrases in which Urdu and English both languages are used.

Types of Hybridized Noun Phrases

1- Phrases having modifier of English and head of Urdu:

Upset Shikast , Security Ahalkaron , Knock Out Marhaly , Worldcup Muqablon , Senior Khilarion etc.

2-Phrases having modifiers of Urdu and head of English:

Tofani Innings , Bharpor Form, Bara Challenge, Aalmi Cup , Aik Century, Majmoi Score etc.

3- English phrases but having some influence of Urdu language:

Fast bowleron, Main playeron, Foreign Visay, and Opening playeron etc.

Comparison of code mixing of noun phrase hybridization in three newspapers

main verbs such as Code mixing in Verb Phrases

Support
Karen, Join Kar Lon Ga, Bold Kiya, and Catch
One thing which is to be noted is that these verb phrases have main verbs of English language and helping verb of Urdu language. The helping verb of Urdu language, which is used most of the times, is karna (to do).

Bnaya etc. Other helping verbs which are used

with English
main verbs are lag gia (no exact

Comparison of code mixing of hybridized Verb phrases in three newspapers

Conclusion

Code mixing of English in three Urdu newspapers

5. CONCLUSION
The highest frequency of code mixing is observed in the second category, which is that of nouns. The reason of such large number is because insertion of a single noun or compound noun of one language into the other language is the easiest way of code mixing. The lowest frequency is observed in the last category, which is that of hybridized verb phrases. The reason for its lowest frequency is that use of verb of one language into other language demands the helping verb of the dominant language in order to adjust it in the sentence. If we look at the results of the two categories of nouns and noun phrases, than we come to know that results of last two categories, which deals with hybridized noun phrases and hybridized verb phrases, stand in contrast with them.

Sometimes rather most of the times there are equivalent words available in the language being used but code mixing is happening and the words of English are replacing them.
e.g. Match

One of the main reasons behind such large amount of code mixing is that as most of the news in sports page of these newspapers are about international sports.

In addition to code mixing of English in Urdu language, there is code mixing of English in all the local languages of Pakistan. For example in Pushto, Punjabi and Sindhi etc.

Any Questions.