Chapter - Logical Sensors

Sensor output types Sinking/Sourcing - Switches current on or off. Plain Switches - Switches voltage on or off. Solid State Relays - These switch AC outputs. TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) - Uses 0V and 5V.

Switched outputs (e.g. Relays)

PLC Input Card 24V DC normally open push-button 24 Vdc Power Supply + V+ sensor relay output V00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

COM

Sourcing (supplies voltage/current)

V+ physical phenomenon Active Line Sensor and Detector sensor output V-

V+

current flows out when switched on PNP

V-

Sinking (to the common)

V+ physical phenomenon Sensor and Detector Active Line Vsensor output

V+

NPN

current flows in when switched on

V-

Wiring

sensor

V+ NPN VV+ PNP V-

V+ power supply V- (common) V+ power supply V- (common) sourcing sinking

sensor

A PLC Input Card For a Sinking (NPN) Sensor

+V

current flow +V NPN NPN sensor +V -V power supply

PLC Data Bus

Internal Card Electronics

00

-V

01

External Electrical

PLC Input card for Sourcing (PNP) sensors

00
Internal Card Electronics

+V PNP PNP sensor -V current flow

01 +V -V com power supply

Symbols and Wiring Conventions

brown

V+ NPN (sinking)

NPN white

blue

V-

PNP (sourcing)

V+

brown

black

PNP V-

blue

Photo-optical sensors

square wave smaller signal +V lens oscillator LED phototransistor light lens +V

amplifier demodulator detector and switching circuits

Photo-optic - Opposed mode

emitter

object

detector

Photo-optic - retroreflective

reflector emitter

detector

reflector emitter object detector

Photo-optic - Diffuse

emitter object detector

Photo-optic alignment and beam size

effective beam effective detector angle emitter effective beam angle detector

alignment is required

1 intensity --2 r

emitter
object

detector

the smaller beam width is good (but harder to align

Photo-optics - focussed

focal point emitter

detector
distance 1 distance 2

lens emitter

lens detector 2 detector 1

Optical Properties
Reflectivity nonshiny materials Kodak white test card white paper kraft paper, cardboard lumber (pine, dry, clean) rough wood pallet beer foam opaque black nylon black neoprene black rubber tire wall clear plastic bottle translucent brown plastic bottle opaque white plastic unfinished aluminum straightened aluminum unfinished black anodized aluminum stainless steel microfinished stainless steel brushed 90% 80% 70% 75% 20% 70% 14% 4% 1.5% 40% 60% 87% 140% 105% 115% 400% 120%

shiny/transparent materials

Capacitive Sensors
Ak C = -----d

electric field electrode object electrode

+V

oscillator

load switching

detector

electrode

metal

electrode

dielectric

electrode

electrode

Relative Capacitive Values

Material quartz glass rubber salt sand shellac silicon dioxide silicone rubber silicone varnish styrene resin sugar sugar, granulated sulfur sulfuric acid

Constant 3.7 2.5-35 6.0 3-5 2.0-3.8 4.5 3.2-9.8 2.8-3.3 2.3-3.4 3.0 1.5-2.2 3.4 84

Material Teflon (TM), PCTFE Teflon (TM), PTFE toluene trichloroethylene urea resin urethane vaseline water wax wood, dry wood, pressed board wood, wet xylene

Constant 2.3-2.8 2.0 2.3 3.4 6.2-9.5 3.2 2.2-2.9 48-88 2.4-6.5 2-7 2.0-2.6 10-30 2.4

Inductive sensors
metal inductive coil +V

oscillator and level detector

output switching

shielded

unshielded

Other sensor types

Reed switches Hall effect switches Fluid flow Etc.

Sensor tradeoffs

Material Distance Accuracy ..