Nutrition and Digestion

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Characteristics of living things

All living things have share seven common characteristics.
Movement Respiration Sensitivity Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition

Each letter in the phrase MRS GREN gives you the first letter of one of the life processes. If something does not perform all of the seven life processes then it is not alive. Which of the seven life processes can a car do?

Nutrition
Why do we need to eat food?

To gain energy to carry out the life processes.

To gain essential nutrients so we can stay healthy and grow. Which foods do we need to eat for a balanced diet? Carbohydrates Proteins Fats and oils Vitamins Minerals Fibre Water

Carbohydrates
CARBOHYDRATES supply our bodies with ENERGY. The energy from carbohydrates is released during the process of RESPIRATION. Which types of foods contain carbohydrates? Bread Potatoes Rice Pasta Cakes Jam Sweets

Proteins
PROTEINS supply our bodies with the BUILDING BLOCKS FOR GROWTH. Which types of foods contain proteins? Fish Meat Milk Eggs Cheese Butter Beans

Fats and Oils

FATS and OILS supply our bodies with TWICE AS MUCH ENERGY as carbohydrates. We can also STORE FOOD as fat. Which types of foods contain fats and oils? Butter Cakes Lard Vegetable oil Crisps Chips Meat

Exercise 2: Vitamins
VITAMINS are substances which are essential in our diet to help chemical reactions in our body. There are many different types of vitamins. Use a textbook or other source to complete the table below: Vitamin Found Carrots, liver, green vegetables Green vegetables, oranges, blackcurrants Fish & eggs Deficiency Can cause poor night sight Can cause SCURVY Can cause RICKETS

Exercise 3: Minerals
MINERALS are substances which are essential in our diet for healthy growth. There are many different types of minerals. Use a textbook or other source to complete the table below: Mineral Found Liver, eggs, cabbage Used for

Iron

Making blood

Calcium

Vegetables, Making teeth milk, cheese and bones

Exercise 5: Food Tests

1. Complete the table below. Test Food tested for: Starch _______ End colour:

Iodine

Black

_______ Biuret Reagent

Benedicts Reagent

Protein

Purple

Glucose

Orange _______

The Digestive System

Mouth

Oesophagus

Stomach
Liver Pancreas Small intestine Rectum Large intestine Anus

Food and Digestion

The digestive system has two roles:

Break food up into smaller pieces.

Absorb food into the bloodstream. The mouth In the mouth the food is BROKEN UP into small pieces by the TEETH. At the same time SALIVA is added. This moistens the food - making it easier to swallow - and begins the digestion of carbohydrates using the enzyme AMYLASE. The oesophagus After the mouth, food passes along the OESOPHAGUS to the STOMACH.

The Stomach
ENZYMES are chemicals that SPEED UP the chemical break down of food in our bodies. When the food enters the stomach several things happen: The stomach acts like a cement mixer and CHURNS the food.

ENZYMES are added to begin the chemical break up of PROTEINS.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID is added as the enzymes in the stomach work best in ACIDIC CONDITIONS.

The acid also KILLS ANY BACTERIA.

What colour would stomach acid turn litmus paper? RED

The Intestines
The food passes from the stomach into the SMALL INTESTINE. Here, more ENZYMES are added to help chemically break down the food and the food is ABSORBED through the walls of the small intestine. After passing through the small intestine the UNDIGESTED FOOD moves into the LARGE INTESTINE. In the large intestine WATER IS ABSORBED. At the end of the large intestine the undigested food is STORED in the RECTUM before it is removed from the body through the ANUS. The LIVER makes BILE - as this is alkaline - the small intestine works best in alkaline conditions. The PANCREAS makes enzymes to aid in the chemical break up of the food.

Small Intestine Adaptations

The small intestine is ADAPTED to absorbing food efficiently in several ways: It is MOIST as only soluble food can be absorbed. It has VERY THIN WALLS so the food can be more easily absorbed. It is covered in millions of finger-like projections called VILLI. This INCREASES THE SURFACE AREA of the small intestine for absorption.

A villus

Each villus has a DENSE CAPILLARY NETWORK so that the food is more easily absorbed into the bloodstream.

Exercise 6: Label the Diagram

A.______ Mouth

B.___________ Oesophagus

F._______ Stomach
C.______ Liver G.________ Pancreas D.____________ Small intestine H.______ Rectum E.____________ Large intestine I._____ Anus