NON PARAMETRIC TEST

NON PARAMETRIC TEST

Some of the important non-parametric test are 1)Rank Correlation 2)Sign Test 3)Wilcoxon Test 4)U Test 5)Kendals coefficient of concordance The use of parametric statistics is based on the assumption that the population from which the sample is drawn is normally distributed & data are collected on an interval or ratio scale. Nonparametric statistics on the other hand make no explicit assumption regarding the normality of distribution in the population & are used when the data are collected on a nominal or ordinal scale. CORRELATION Rank correlation a) when ranks are given r = 1 6 D/ N3 N b) when ranks are not given Ranks are not repeated when ranks are assigned Ranks are repeated when ranks are assigned

SIGN TEST
Sign test uses signs (+ & - ) to replace the data. Let us assume that two pairs of data X & Y are given. Each element of the series is compared with the data element of another series. If the first element of X series , for example is greater than the first element Y series, we write + sign. Let us assume that the second element of X series is less than the second element of Y series , we write sign & so on. If the difference is 0 ,it will not be counted while considering n. Under this test we assume that the null hypothesis that + & signs are equally distributed i.e. p & q will have equal proportion ( ) .Approach of normal curve is used while accepting or rejecting the hypothesis P (s) > value of the normal curve = Accept P (s) < value of the normal curve = Reject

WILCOXON TEST (SIGNED RANK TESTS)

The wilcoxon signed ranks test applies to two sample designs involving repeated measures, matched pairs or before & after measures. Under this method , difference between each observation is measured & ranks are assigned either on the ascending order or descending order. While applying the ranks , signs are ignored for the time being. Depending upon whether the difference is a positive value or negative value ,signs are assigned. Sign + is assigned for positive difference & - sign for the negative values. For zero , no signs are assigned .Smaller of the two sums of the signed ranks is taken & compared with the table value to accept the hypothesis or not. U TEST It is one of the best known non parametric tests' test is also called the MannWhitney-Wilcoxon (MWW) ,Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test. This test is used for assessing whether two independent samples of observations have come from the same distribution. If the calculated probability of U is greater than the significant value 0.05, Ho is accepted else Ho is rejected

KENDAL S COEFFICIENT OF CONCORDANCE

Kendals coefficient of concordance (W) is a measure of association between K rankings on N individuals i.e. .a set of N individuals are ranked on each of K variables & these rankings are to be compared. This measure is used to test association between three or more sets of ranking .This is applicable where N is less than or equal to 7.The formula used to calculate w is given under W = S/ 112 k2 (N3 N ) Accept or Reject criteria If the value of S calculated is greater than or equal to the table value , then HO I rejected & viceversa.Ho here refers to K sets of ranking are independent.

KRUSKAL WALLIS
The kruskal wallis one way analysis of variance is the nonparametric test used when the dependent variable is on an ordinal scale , & the independent variable is normally scaled . MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FACTOR It examines several variables & their relationships simultaneously ,in contrast to bivariate analyses which examine relationships between two variables & univariate analyses where one variable at a time is examined for generalization from the sample to the population. MANOVA is similar to ANOVA with the difference that ANOVA tests the mean differences of more than two groups on one dependent variable , whereas MANOVA tests mean differences among groups across several dependent variables simultaneously by using sums of squares & cross product matrices. MANOVA circumvents bias by simultaneously testing all the dependent variables , cancelling out the effects of any intercorrelations among them In MANOVA tests the independent variable is measured on a nominal scale & the dependent variables on an interval or ratio scale.

CLUSTER
Cluster analysis is used to classify objects or individuals into mutually exclusive & collectively exhaustive groups with high homogeneity within clusters & low homogeneity between clusters. In other words cluster analysis helps to identify objects that are similar to one another based on some specified criterion. For instance if our sample consists of a mix of respondents with different brand preferences for a product , cluster analysis will cluster individuals by their preferences for each of the different brands MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING It groups objects in multidimensional space. Objects that are perceived by respondents to be different are distanced , & the greater the perceptual differences , the greater the distance between the objects in the multidimensional space. In other words multidimensional scaling provides a spatial portrayal of respondents perception of products, services, or other items of interest & highlights the perceived similarities & differences

DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS
It helps to identify the independent variables that discriminate a normally scaled dependent variable of interest- say those who are high on a variable from those who are low on it. The linear combination of independent variables indicates the discriminating function showing the large difference that exists in the two group means. In other words the independent variables measured on an interval or ratio scale discriminate the groups of interest to the study