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Learning Outcomes
34.1 Define the term endocrine glands. 34.2 Describe the general functions of the endocrine system. 34.3 Define the term hormone.
34.4 Explain the difference in hormone control by positive and negative feedback loops.
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34.9 List the names of the endocrine cells of the pancreas, the hormones released by them, and the function of each hormone. 34.10 List the hormones released by the pineal body, thymus, and gonads, and give the functions of each.
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Introduction
The endocrine system includes the organs of the body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids such as blood
Regulates chemical reaction in cells and therefore control functions of the organs, tissues, and other cells
bloodstream
to
Glands
secrete hormones
into
target tissues
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Hormones
Endocrine glands
Hormones chemicals secreted by a cell that affect the functions of other cells
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Hormones (cont.)
Many are derived from steroids that easily cross the cell membrane Examples of steroid hormones
hormones
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Hormones (cont.)
Nonsteroidal hormones
Prostaglandins
Made of amino acids or proteins and cannot cross the cell membrane easily
Local, or tissue, hormones Derived from lipid molecules Do not travel in the bloodstream Target tissues are located close by Produced by organs such as
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Stimulus (eating) raises blood glucose levels Pancreas releases insulin in response to elevated blood glucose Blood glucose decreases as it is used by the body or stored in the liver Insulin release stops as blood glucose levels normalize
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Infant nursing at mothers breast stimulates hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary Oxytocin released stimulates milk production and ejection from mammary glands Milk release continues as long as infant continues to nurse
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C. G-protein
D. Prostaglandins E. Hormones
___ C Activated by hormone-receptor complex ___ A Cannot cross cell membranes easily
B Estrogen and cortisol ___
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Hypothalamus
Hormones
Hormones transported to the posterior pituitary for storage Directs posterior pituitary to release hormones
Glands
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Pituitary Gland
Protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica The optic chiasm is located just above the pituitary gland
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Luteinizing
Anterior Lobe
Thyroid-stimulating
Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones
Females: stimulates ovulation and estrogen production Males: stimulates testosterone production
Follicle-stimulating
Adrenocorticotropic
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones
Females: stimulates estrogen production and maturation of the ova Males: stimulates sperm production
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Posterior Lobe
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stimulates the kidneys to conserve water
Females: causes contraction of the uterus and ejection of breast milk Males: stimulates contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during sexual arousal
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ANSWER:
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone B. Prolactin C. Luteinizing hormone
D, ___ E Stored in posterior pituitary ___ B Milk production D, ___ E Produced by hypothalmus
D. ADH
E. Oxytocin
Super!
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Major hormones
Lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts that Glands build new bone tissue
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Parathyroid glands
Four located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Agonist to calcitonin by raising blood calcium levels through activation of osetoclasts (dissolve bone)
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ANSWER:
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Adrenal Glands
Located on top of each kidney Divided into the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla
Central portion Hormones Epinephrine Norepinephrine Same effects as sympathetic nervous system
Glands
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Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Released when stressed Decreases protein synthesis, resulting in slowed tissue repair Decreases inflammation
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ANSWER:
A. Cortisol B. Epinephrine
C. Aldosterone
D. Norepinephrine
Excellent!
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Pancreas
Located behind the stomach Both exocrine gland and endocrine gland
Exocrine secretes digestive enzymes into a duct leading to the small intestine Endocrine secretes hormones into bloodstream
Glands
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Pancreas (cont.)
Protein synthesis
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Glucagon does just the opposite. It increases blood glucose and decreases protein synthesis.
Yippee !
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Pineal body
Thymus gland
Glands
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The gonads
Small intestine
Ovaries
Estrogen Progesterone
Secretin Cholecystokinin Atrial natriuretic peptide regulates BP Erythropoietin stimulates blood cell production
Testes
Heart
Testosterone
Stomach
Gastrin
Kidneys
Glands
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Back
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ANSWER:
A. Pineal body B. Heart C. Kidneys
D. Thymus gland
E. Small intestine F. Stomach
G. Gonads
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Stressor
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Increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and BP Increase in glucose and fatty acids in blood, which leads to weight loss Increase in cortisol if stress prolonged
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___ C Wedding
___ B Exam ___ B Hearing an explosion nearby
___ C A on an exam
___ A Flu ___ B Car stolen
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Dwarfism
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Gigantism
Goiter
Graves disease
Myxedema
Hyperthyroidism; antibodies attach to thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone Thyroid gland produces inadequate amounts of thyroid hormone; common in females over 50
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Correct!
ANSWER:
in an adult ___ F Acromegaly develops as a result of too much growth hormone in a child. T In diabetes insipidus, the kidneys fail to reabsorb water. ___
___ T Addisons disease is the result of too little corticosteroid. ___ F Cushings disease is the result of too little ACTH. too much ACTH
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In Summary
The organs of the endocrine system secrete hormones directly into blood and other body fluids. Hormones secreted by the endocrine system control the functions of other cells.
Endocrine organs
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Pineal body Thymus gland Gonads, stomach small intestine, heart, kidneys
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