Types of Inflection

Group 12 Ratna Kumala Sari Rizqi Utami L.Ningtyas Steavan Andreansyah Wahid hasyim

9.1 A monolingual student expects that a second language will differ from his native speech in many details, but he is seldom prepared for the differences in basic structure. For example : Most Americans who studied some languanges in high school are only slightly more aware of the possibilities. They can learn French, Spanish, German, and Latin a little bit easy because the languanges are related to English. Otherwise, they will find difficulties in learning Chinese, Swahili, Aztec or Navato.

9.2 The most generally useful method of describing the structure of words is by analysis into morphemes and the description of the ways in which the morphemes can be combined. There must be restrictions of various kinds on the combination which can occur. These restriction may affect : the order in which the morphemes can be arranged sets of morphemes which can never occur together in the same word certain classes of morphemes may be required to ocuur in certain circumstantes

 The number of affixes used in a single paradigm is very large; or a single word may consist of a rather long series of morphemes. Some simple ways of stating the complex combination can be done by classifying the morphemes into groups known as orders which are most conveniently designated by numbers.

9.3 The utility of this method can be illustrated by the following brief description of the Turkish verb
Order 1 : /-il-/ /-i-/ /-in-/ Order 2 : /-tir-/ Order 3 : /-ma-/ Order 4 : /-ir-/ /-iyor-/ /-aak-/ /-mali-/ Order 5 : /-di-/ passive recripocal reflexive causative negative habitual action continuous action future action obligatory action past

Order 6 : /-lar-/ third person plural actor Order 7 : /-sa-/ conditional Order 8 : /-m-/ first person singular actor /-k-/ first person plural actor /-n-/ second person singular actor /-niz-/ second person plural actor Order 9 : /-mi-/ interrogative Order 10 : /-im-/ first person singular actor /-iz-/ first person plural actor /-sin-/ second person singular actor /-siniz-/ second person plural actor

 Order 1 consists of all those suffixes which can occur only immediately after the root Order 2 consists of those which can occur immediately after the root or immediately after the root if no morpheme of order 1 is present. Order 3 consists of those which can occur only after roots or members of order 1 or 2. preffixes can be classed into orders. If both prefixes and suffixes occur, prefixes may be distinguished by the use of negative numerals. Order -1 would include those prefixes which occur only immediately before the root. Order -2 would consist of those which can only occur before the root or member of order -1

 There are various restrictions on the occurrence of some of these affixes beyond what is expressed by the classification into orders. These additional restrictions must be explained in notes : Only one orders 6,8,and 10 can occur. These three orders are mutually exclusive. However, they cant be treated as a single order because of different arrangements when order 7 and 9 are also involved. Concersely, order 8 can occur only with either order 5 or order 7 or both.

The following forms will ilustrate the operation of the system just described.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kir ali

il i in

tir

ma

ir iyor Aak mali

di

lar

sa

m k n niz

Mi

im iz sin siniz

Kirdi it broke

kir kir il ma

di di lar mi

Kirilmadila rmi were they not broken? Kiraaksan if you are going to break

kir

aak

sa

0
aliaakdim I was going to work

4 aak

5 di

8 m

10

ali

alitirmalisin you ought to make [somebody] work

ali

tir

mali

sin

f g h

*kirilidi *kiraaklarim *kirdisin

kir kir kir

il is
aak

di lar di im sin

*kirsamali

kir

mali

sa

 The last four form ( with asterisks) are impossible. They are given only to illustrate the operation of the restriction mentioned above. Because they are impossible, they are meaningless, so no glosses are given. Example f has two morphemes of the same order. These are by definition mutuallly exclusive. If a word such as that given could occur, it would require assignment of /-il/and /-is-/ to different orders, but such word do not occur. ( note:/ *kirilisdi/ is not said to be impossible because /-il/ and /-is-/ are of the same order.

 Example g contains two morphemes which, though in different orders, are mutually exclusive. Example d contains affixes glossed future and past. These might seem at first sight unreconcilable. Example h is impossible because with /-di-/ ( order 5) the actor is expressed by a morpheme of order 8 ( perhaps/-n-/) rather than one of order 10 ( as/-sin/). Example i the morphemees are all compatible, but a member of order 7 precedes a member of order 4.

 9.8 This statement of Turkish verb forms is seriously inadequate in one respect. It mentions only one of the often numerous allomorphs of each affix. A full statement would have to list all the allomorphs and give rules for the correct selection under any possible conditions. For example, the affixes 1 sing. 1 plur. 2 sing. 2 plur After /ie/ /-im -iz -sin - siniz After // -m -z -sn -snz After /ia/ -im -iz -sin -siniz After /uo/ -um -uz -sun -sunuz/

 The whole system can be summed up in two quite general rules : suffixes containing high vowels have/i/ if the preceding syllable has /ie/ ( front, unrounded ) // / / ( front, rounded) /i / / ia/ ( back , unrounded) /u/ /uo/ ( back , rounded ) Suffix containing low vowels have /e/ if the preceding syllable has / i e / (front) /a/ / I a u o / ( back)

9.9 The situation can be quite different from the relatively regular structure of Turkish. A description of a small part of the verb system of Cree ( an American Ibdian language of Canada) will illustratemuch more complex type of paradigm. The following description is of part of the inflection of transitive animate verb. These are verbs used with a subject and an object both of which are animate. Animate is a gender class of nouns; every noun in Cree is either animate or inanimate A Cre verb exists in fifteen modes. In paradigm the mesnnings of these are indicate by code number

 E.g., 1-3 indicates I....him, whereas 3-1 indicates he.....me. 1 first person singular, I 2 Second person singular, thou 3 Third person proximate singular, the chief person spoken of, or the firt one mentioned,he, she, it. 3 Third person obviative , a person or persons spoken of, other than chief chareacter of the narrative , or other than the first one mentioned, he, she, it, they, the other 3p third person proximate plural, they 2p second person plural, you all 12 first person plural inclusive, the speaker and the person addressed, we, you a nd I 1p first person plural exclusive, the speaker and some person or persons other than the one addressed, we, he and I, they and I

9.10 These paradigms are formidable For the learner they represent are considerable load of sheer memorization For the linguist they fail to show clearly any recurrent regulities of structure The full set of cree verb paradigms would not eppearat first sight greatly different in complexity a full set of Turkish paradigms. It is, however, possible the structure of Turkish verbs in a way that is both simpler to learn and more revealing of structure. The same sort of analysis and reorganization seem to be needed in the Cree verbs. Only a tittle experimenting in necessary to demonstrate that the problem is vastly different. Turkish verb forms can be analyzed rather easily in term of a series of affixes. The Cree endings cannot be neatly dissected into morpheme

 The following is just a sample: Differences of one phoneme :3-1 1-2 3-2 :1-3 3-3 -ik : -it -itin : -itn -ik : -isk -w : -ak -ik : -ikot - nn : akiht etc.

Differences of two phonemes

Greater diffences

:1p-3

Differences of this short cannot easily be summarized in terms of single morpheme or a contrasting pair of morphemes. Attemping such a summary would necessitate describing a very long and complex set allomorphs. Certainly no simplification can be achieved.

Thank you