Example of Reasoning through Inquiry

By: Kristine Wong

Observe phenomena
A postoperative surgical patient is experiencing pain and is hypo ventilating. The concepts involved? 1. Postoperative surgical patient 2. Pain 3. Hypoventilation 4. Nurse

1.

Patient 56 year old male with good health and average weight and height. Does not like to take medication because of fear of addiction States that it hurts too much for him to take the 10 deep ventilations every waking hour as directed

The nature of each of the concepts

Pain
Location: chest Intensity: pain scale 7 on a scale of 1 to 10 Quality: sharp & burning Onset & Duration: postoperative & constant What makes it better: pain indication (last dose 6hrs ago) What makes it worse: deep breathing Effects of pain: shallow breathing

Hypoventilation

Moving less tidal volume of air (either by rate and/or volume) during inspiration and expiration than is considered normal for weight and height, which may predispose patient to hypostatic pneumonia, and other serious postoperative complications.

Nurse
Baccalaureate prepared 15 years of nursing experience on the surgery unit

What are possible concept relationship?

1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Surgical patient & pain Surgical patient & hypoventilation Surgical patient & nurse Pain & nurse Pain & hypoventilation Nurse & hypoventilation Surgical patient, pain and hypoventilation Surgical patient, pain, hypoventilation and nurse

What are possible propositions?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

Surgery causes pain at patients incision site and surrounding area. Deep breathing may cause pain if the incision site is in or the chest. Surgical patients may hypo ventilate if they do not breathe deeply postoperatively. Surgical patients may hypo ventilate because of pain Nurse understand causes of pain, hypoventilation, and the need for postoperative care. Nurse can relieve pain and resolve hypoventilation Patient and nurse work together to resolve hypoventilation

1.

Why do these proportions exist(rationale)?

2.

3.

Postoperative surgical patients have pain because of the manipulation and disruption of nerves and muscles during surgery. Normal or deep ventilation may cause nerve stimulation and muscle movement in the area of the postoperative suture line within or near the stitches. Postoperative surgical patients may prevent stimulations and movements of the muscles in the area of the chest suture line by hypoventilation.

4. Chest surgery patients who are experiencing pain with deep breathing may hypo ventilate in an attempt to decrease the pain. 5. Nurses are educated regarding postoperative care of the patient with chest surgery, pain management, ventilatory management and psychological stress.

How do you know this is true?

1.

2.

Established biologic theory regarding anatomy and physiology and postoperative pain, observation, and experience Established biologic theory regarding anatomy and physiology of breathing and postoperative pain, observation and experience

3.
4.

Established behavioural and biologic theory regarding

the avoidance of pain, observation, and experience Established biologic and behavioral theory, observation and experience. Established nursing theory regarding postoperative care, pain management, and treatment of the hypoventilation and stress

5.

Types of Reasoning
By: Kristine Wong

Types of Reasoning
Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Abductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning
deductive-root word of deductive Which stems from the Latin word deducere meaning to lead down.

Deductive reasoning

reaching a conclusion by combining known truths to create a new truth deductive reasoning is certain, provided that the previously known truths are in fact true themselves.

Deductive reasoning

Larger facts, principles, laws, or theories that known and generally accepted as true and use them to address smaller yet related phenomena. In other words, using establish or known information to lead down to the answer.

Deductive reasoning
Theory Laws Deductive Reasoning P Principles Facts Explanation Phenomena

Deductive reasoning
With deductive reasoning, all the answers, solutions and explanation are presumed to be true. As a paramedical example : The patient who is experiencing pain and hypoventilation and does not want pain medication because of fear of becoming addicted

Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning is based on laws or general principles. People using deductive reasoning apply a general principle to a specific example. Bandman & Bandman (1988) Offer another way of looking at deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning. The root word for Inductive is Induce which stems from Latin word inducere which means to lead or to bring about.

Inductive reasoning

In inductive reasoning is all about observations and facts about a phenomenon and use them to identify a relationship with other phenomena, which may lead to the development of larger concepts and ultimately facts, principles, laws and theories

Inductive reasoning
In inductive reasoning you observe the world, and attempt to explain based on your observations. You start with no prior assumptions. a. reaching a conclusion based on previous observation. b. It moves from the specific to the general

Inductive reasoning
Theory Laws Inductive reasoning observed phenomena

Principles Facts

Inductive reasoning
For example: Female dog produce milk to feed their young; female dogs are mammals, therefore mammals secrete milk to feed their young In this case the opposite from deductive in thst it moves explicitly.

Inductive reasoning
a.

reaching a conclusion based on previous observation.

b. Conclusions are probably TRUE but not necessarily TRUE.

Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning is useful but not certain. There will always be a chance that there is an observation that will show the reasoning to be false. ONLY ONE OBSERVATION IS NEEDED TO PROVE THE CONCLUSION TO BE FALSE.

Abductive reasoning
The use of this term is when looking at reasoning in paramedical discipline is relatively new when compared with deductive and inductive approaches. The root word of abductive is abduct, which derived from the latin word abductus and means to lead away When applied to reasoning, it means a form of logic or reasoning that uses propositions that have no proof.

Abductive reasoning

Abductive reasoning involves making a conceptual leap based on observations, experience, beliefs and patterns to arrive at an educated guess about a phenomenon

When applied to paramedical disciplines,abductive reasoning means the formation of potential propositions that are formulated from personal and nursing knowledge,skills,values meanings and experience and not simply from empirically based evidence

Abductive reasoning

Example The observation of multicolored mammals secreting more mlik than solid colored mammals are more nursing parents than solid colored mammalas;however,such a leap is simply an educated guess

Abductive reasoning

The abductive reasoning process is valuable in that it facilitates the identification and investigation of human and paramedical phenomena that would not be feasible under strict deductive and inductive processes