Circles

SIDDDHARTH SENAPATI CLASS-10 SECTION-B ROLL NO-27

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A circle is a collection of all points

in a plane. The line which touches the circle at a single point on the circle is called a tangent. The line which touches the circle at two points on the circle is called a secant. There can be only one tangent at a single point of the circle.(click on the tangent to see the activity)
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Activity 1:
0 Take a circular wire and attach a straight wire AB at a point P of

the circular wire so that it can rotate about the point P in a plane. Put the system on a table and gently rotate the wire AB about the point P to get different positions of the straight wire. 0 In various positions ,the wire intersects the Q Q circular wire at P and at another point Q,Q,Q etc. In one position you will see that it will intersect the at the P R point P only. This shows that a Tangent exists at the point P of the circle. R On rotating further ,you can Observe that in all other positions of AB ,it will intersect the circle at P and another point ,say R or R etc. so you can observe that there is one tangent at a point of the circle.
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0 Given: circle with center o and a tangent XY to the circle at point P. 0 To Prove: OPXY 0 Construction: Take any point Q, other than P , on the tangent AB. Join

OQ. Suppose OQ meets the circle at R . 0 Proof: We know that among all line segments joining the point O to a point on B, the shortest one is perpendicular to XY. So to prove that OP AB it is sufficient to prove that OP is shorter than any other segment joining O to any point on XY. Here, OP=OR(Radii) Now, OQ=OR+RQ O OQ > OR OQ > OP [OP =OR ] P OP > OQ Q X
Thus OP is shorter than any other line segment joining O to any point on
Y

AB.
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Hence OP XY.
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0 Given: A radius OP of a circle C(O,r) and a line APB ,perpendicular

to OP. 0 To Prove: AB is a tangent to the circle at the point P. 0 Proof: Take a point Q different from P on the line AB. Now OPAB Among all line segments joining O to a point on AB,OP is the shortest. OP < OQ OQ > OP Q lies outside the circle. Thus , every point on AB other than P lies outside the circle. This shows that AB meets the circle only at the point P. Hence, AB is a tangent to the circle at P .
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0 Solution: Since tangent at a point is perpendicular

to the radius through that point. OP PQ In right triangle OPQ,we have O 2 2 2 + = 5 cm 2 2 2 5 + = 13 P 2 = 169-25 = 144 PQ = 12 cm
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13 cm Q

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Given: AP and AQ are two tangents from a point A to a circle C(O,R) To prove: AP=AQ Construction: Join OP,OQ and OA. Proof: In order to prove that AP=AQ, we shall first prove that OPA OQA OP AP and OQ AQ P OPA=OQA=90: Now in right triangles OPA and OQA we have , OP=OQ O A OPA=OQA and OA=OA So by RHS criterion, Q OPA OQA AP=AQ
0 0 0 0
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: If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point ,then : 1.They subtend equal angles at the center. 2.They are equally inclined to the segment ,joining the center to that point. 0 Given: A circle C(O,r)and a point A outside the circle such that AP and AQ are the tangents drawn to the circle from point A . 0 To Prove : AOP= AOQ , OAP = OAQ. 0 Proof :In right triangles OAP and OAQ, P AP=AQ(tangents from an external points are equal) OP=OQ(radii) OA=OA(common) O A So by SSS criterion we have, OPA OQA AOP= AOQ and OAP = OAQ Q
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: A circle is touching the side BC of triangle ABC at P and touching AB and AC produced at Q and R respectively. Prove that AQ=1/2(perimeter of triangle ABC)
0 Solution : Since tangents from an exterior point to a circle are equal in length.

BP=BQ(from B)-(1), CP=CR(from C)-(2) And AQ=AR (from A)-(3) From (3) we have, AQ=AR AB+BQ=AC+CR AB+BP=AC+CP[using (1) and (2) ] Now, Perimeter of triangle ABC = AB+BC+AC =AB+BP+AC+PC =2(AB+BP) =2(AB+BQ) =2AQ AQ =1/2 (perimeter of triangle ABC)
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B Q

C R

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:Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with center O from an external point T .Prove that PTQ= 2OPQ .
0 Solution : we know that lengths of tangents drawn to a circle with center O from an

external point to a circle are equal . TP=TQ TPQ is an isosceles triangle. TPQ= TQP In TPQ, we have TPQ+TQP+ PTQ=180: 2 TPQ=180:-PTQ TPQ=90:-1/2 PTQ 1/2PTQ=90:-1/2 TPQ-----------(1) Since, OP TP OPT=90: TPQ+OPQ=90: OPQ=90:- TPQ----------(2) From (1) and (2) we get 1/2PTQ=OPQ PTQ= 2 OPQ
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0 we studied the meaning of tangent to a circle. 0 Tangent of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point

of contact 0 From a point lying outside the circle two and only two tangents can be drawn to it. 0 The lengths of two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal. 0 If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point ,then : 1.They subtend equal angles at the center. 2.They are equally inclined to the segment ,joining the center to that point.
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