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Definitions of Signals
Note that often we neglect to put in the sampling period and write
the signal simple as a function of the sample number k.
TYPE OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
( ) ( ) kT k
f f
c d
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
e e x
e x
e x
e x
e x
k * 1 . 0 T * k
d
T * 3
d
T * 2
d
T * 1
d
0
d
k
7408 . 0 3
8187 . 0 2
9048 . 0 1
0000 . 1 0
Definition of System
The system, which we will write S[], relates the input function u(t) to
the output function y(t)
(7)
where S is some mathematical function.
In general systems can also have many inputs and outputs but we
will concentrate on the Single Input Single Output (SISO) system
TYPE OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
)] t ( u [ S ) t ( y
[ ]
[ ]
2
S
( ) ( ) t t y
u
2
Linear Systems
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( ) t y
t u t u
2
2
2
( )
( ) [ ] t
u
y
t
1
2
1
( )
( ) [ ] t
u
y
t
2
2
2
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t t t t
y y
u u
t
u
t
u
t
u
t
u
2 1
2 1
2 2 2
2
2 1 2 1
+ + +
+
CAUSAL SYSTEM
No real word system can have an output which precedes the input,
e.g.
is a causal system.
is an anti-causal system
because the value of y(t) at time t = 0 depends on the value of x(t)
at time t = 14, i.e. at some time in the future.
RESISTOR-CAPACITOR NETWORK
Both i(t) and e(t) are examples of signals and could be sinewaves,
square waves, exponential, etc. The system is the resistor and
capacitor and wires connecting them.
TYPE OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
i(t)
e(t) C
+vo
R
Now input :
0
v
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 1
1
( ) dt t x E
t
t
2
1
2
( )dt t x
t t
W
t
t
2
1
2
2 1
1
In practice, the R term is a constant can be safely left until the end,
whereupon if x(t) is actually a voltage or a current we can introduce
it to obtain the real energy or power.
If x(t) is a share price, thus the above equations are common make
sense, with reckless disregard for wether we should multiply, divide
by or ignore the resistance.
Thus if
the signal is said to be of finite power.
SIGNAL POWER
( ) <
'
dt t x
2
2
1
lim
Power in a Sinwave
where P is period of the sinwave.
The period can be taken from to or
to
P
t
A t y
2
sin
2 /
1
P t
2 /
2
P t
0
1
t P t
2
( )
P
A
W
P
A
W
dt
P
t
P
A
W
dt
P P
W
P
t P
t
P
t
A
P
P
P
P
P
P
2
2
4
cos 1
2
2 / 2 /
1
2
2 /
2 /
2
2 /
2 /
2
2 /
2 /
2
4
sin
4
2
sin
,
_
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
Note the following points :
- The power is not a function of the period
- The power is not a function of the phase
This is easy to show by redoing the calculation for
- The power (in the signal theory sense) is the square of the
RMS value of a sinewave
SIGNAL POWER
( ) ( ) + P t A t y / 2 sin
The Decibel
Use of the decibel when the impedances are not equal is not
appropriate unless adequate information is given concerning the
impedances involved.
2
1
log 10
P
P
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
1
]
1
1
]
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
log 10 log 20 log 10 log 10
R
R
I
I
R I
R I
P
P