Presented by Tinu Valsa Paul Roll No: 17 S3 M Tech (CPC)

Introduction
Carbon nanotubes, composed of interlocking carbon atoms, are 1000 times thinner than an average human hair but can be 200 times stronger than steel.

1.

Single Wall CNT (SWCNT)

Can be metallic or semiconducting depending on

the way the tube is rolled up.

2.

Multiple Wall CNT (MWCNT)

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Single Wall CNT

Single-walled

carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are nanometer-diameter cylinders consisting of a single graphene sheet wrapped up to form a tube. When viewed with a transmission electron microscope single walled nanotubes appear as two planes. To obtain SW tubes there needs to be a catalyst involved which facilitates the growth. Typically the catalyst particles are small metal nanoparticles, e.g. Fe or Co or Ni.
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 Typically

have a diameter of close to 1 nm. Without the catalyst the SW nanotube end does not stay open during growth, but would close spontaneously (i.e. the tube would never grow long but just be a fullerene). They can be twisted, flattened, and bent into small circles or around sharp bends without breaking. Applications :- Field-emission displays, Nanocomposite materials, Nanosensors and logic elements.
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Multiple Wall CNT

Multi-wall

nanotubes can appear either in the form of a coaxial assembly of SWNT similar to a coaxial cable, or as a single sheet of graphite rolled into the shape of a scroll. The diameters of MWNT are typically in the range of 5 nm to 50 nm. The interlayer distance in MWNT is close to the distance between graphene layers in graphite. MWNT are easier to produce in high volume quantities than SWNT.
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 Each

part of the MW tubes are single-walled tubes, with same kind of structure and chirality as a SW tube. The chirality of one tube need not be correlated with that of others. MW tubes can easily be tens or hundreds of microns long. MW tubes can grow by themselves. When viewed with a transmission electron microscope multi walled nanotubes can be seen as a series of parallel lines. Applications :- Capacitors Super capacitors, Batteries.
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Single Wall CNT

Multiple Wall CNT

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Electronic Properties
Nanotubes have distinctly different electronic properties depending on the chirality. Early predictions was that depending on structure they can be metallic or semiconducting. Armchair tubes are always metallic, others can be semiconducting or metallic. The presence of defects on the body of the tube can alter the electronic structure and can make regions of specific electronic properties. So nanoscopic device structures can be made within one tube itself.

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 Band

gap varies depending on tube indices. The density states show a distinct band gap in the (10,10) tube(semi-conducting), while no band gap exists in (12,8) tube. Gapless conduction is possible in this tube, making it metallic. Band-gap is determined by the diameter of the tube: E 1/ R For tiny band-gap tube:
2 g

For large band-gap tube:

Eg 1 / R
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Electronic band structure is determined by symmetry: n = m: Metal n-m = 3j (j non-zero integer): Tiny band-gap semiconductor Else: Large band-gap semiconductor.

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Transport Properties
The band gap of nanotubes vary from 0.2-1.2 eV. The band gap varies along the tube body and reaches minimum value at the tube ends.this is due to the presence of localized defects at the ends due to the extra states. Large contact resistance. The conductive behavior of MWNT is consistent with weak 2-dimensional localization of carriers. In SWNT conduction occurs through discrete electronic states that are coherent between the electrical contacts.

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Mechanical Properties
Carbon-carbon

bonds are one of the strongest

bond in nature.
Carbon

nanotube is composed of perfect arrangement of these bonds.

Nanotubes

are ultimate high strength carbon

fibers. i.e. Strong like Steel

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 Light

like Aluminium
high Youngs modulus in the range Youngs modulus (GPa)

Extremely

of 1-5 Tpa. Material

Carbon nanotubes
Carbon fibers High strength steel

1250
425 (max.) 200
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 Has

the ability to withstand extreme strain in tension(upto 40%). The tubes can recover from severe structural distortions. Carbon nanotubes are very flexible.

i.e. Elastic like Plastic

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Physical Properties
Nanotubes have a high strength-to-weight ratio. Density 1.8g/cm3 for MWNT & 0.8g/cm3 for SWNT. So useful for lightweight applications. Highly resistant to chemical attack. Difficult to oxidize and onset of oxidation is 1000C higher than that of carbon fibers. So temperature is not a limitation in practical applications of CNT. The surface area is of the order of 10-20m2/g. Expected to have high thermal conductivity and the value increases with decrease in diameter.

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Electronic Applications
Used as electrical conductors. A nanotube based single molecule field effect transistor has been built already. Commertcial application of nanotube CNT-based field emission displays. Nanotube tips can be used as nanoprobes.

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The joining of two carbon Nanotubes with different electrical properties to form a diode has been proposed. CNT based Ultra-Capacitors have high energy density, Capacitances up to 5000 F can be achieved. CNT based Transistors work at room temperature and are capable of fast digital switching 22 using a Single Electron.

Nanotubes in AV Technology

Carbon nanotubes are being used to develop flat screen televisions with higher resolution than the human eye can detect Your next TV screen could be thin, ultralight and foldable
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Other Applications
Nanotube based flow sensors and filters are also made. Researches proved the ability of carbon nonotubes to store hydrogen. Storage occurs both in between and inside the nanotube bundles. The amount of hydrogen stored is comparable to that of storage capacity of metal hydrides.

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O (l) + energy

The application of this kind of storage is important for fuel cell applications for automobiles where storage of hydrogen is a critical factor.
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Worlds Smallest motor. The NANO MOTOR

CNT membranes support fluid flows at several magnitudes than proposed in Classical Fluid Dynamics

CNT sponge can filter any toxic sludge from water . As CNT sponge is Hydrophobic, it absorbs everything but not water.
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Nanotubes in Efficient Solar Cells

Scientists have developed the blackest black colour using carbon nanotubes The carbon nanotubes are arranged like blades of grass in a lawn - they absorb nearly all light Use of carbon nanotubes in solar cells could vastly improve their efficiency
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Nanotubes in Sporting Equipment

Badminton racquet manufacturer Yonex incorporates carbon nanotubes into their cup stack carbon nanotubes racquets (www.yonex.com) American baseball bat manufacturer Easton Sports has formed an alliance with a nanotechnology company Zyvex to develop baseball bats incorporating carbon nanotubes Tennis racquets also incorporate carbon nanotubes. (www.babolat.com).
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The Space Elevator

The Idea To create a tether from earth to some object in a geosynchronous orbit. Objects can then crawl up the tether into space. Saves time and money The Problem 62,000-miles (100,000-kilometers) 20+ tons
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The Space Elevator

Pictures from http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/space_elevator_020327-1.html 30

The Space Elevator

The

Solution: Carbon Nanotubes 10x the tensile strengh (30GPa) 1 atm = 101.325kPA 10-30% fracture strain Further Obstacles Production of Nanofibers Record length 4cm Investment Capital: $10 billion
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 CNT

based BUCKY PAPERS are 250 times stronger than steel and 10 times lighter. Shows promise as vehicle & personnel armor and next-generation electronics display.

May

be used in Nano-Radio, sound can be generated not by vibrations but by Thermoacoustics Principle.
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References
www.noritake-elec.com/.../nano/structu.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube
academic.pgcc.edu/~ssinex/nanotubes/graphe

ne.gif
http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov T.Pradeep,Nano The

Essentials:Understanding nano science and nanotechnology,Mc-Graw Hill Edition

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