Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Classification of Organisms
The
study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships is called systematics or
taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature:
when
a species is talked about only the genus and species names are used
this is called the scientific name unique to each type of organism
Required
Zoological Nomenclature
genus names is always capitalized both names are either italicized or underlined
leave a space in the underline between names ex.
Kingdoms of Life
In
1969, Robert H. Whitaker classified kingdoms based on cellular organization and mode of nutrition
this lead to the formation of the 5 kingdoms
5 Kingdoms of Classification:
Monera: comprised of bacteria and cyanobacteria distinguished by being single cell prokaryotes Protista: comprised of Amoeba, Paramecium etc. distinguished by being single celled eukaryotes
Plantae: multi-cellular photosynthetic eukaryotes plants have cell walls and are non-motile
5 Kingdoms of Classification:
Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic eukaryotes fungi have cell walls and usually non-motile digest organic matter extra-cellularly (outside of cell) and absorb the breakdown products Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic eukaryotes animal cells lack a cell wall and usually motile feed by ingesting other organisms or parts of other organisms
Monera
Protista
prokaryote
eukaryote
single-cell
multi-cell
Plantae
eukaryote
multi-cell
autotrophic
Fungi
eukaryote
multi-cell
Animalia
eukaryote
multi-cell
DOMAINS???
Many
taxonomists have pushed the idea that the five kingdom system isnt enough
they feel that organisms share too much similarities and need to be grouped otherwise
3 Domains
1.
Archae: bacteria that live in extreme conditions Eubacteria: true bacteria Eukarya: all eukaryotic organisms
2. 3.
Patterns of Organization
Once
the kingdom of an organism has been decided other aspects of the organism must be looked at to determine its classification describes how the parts of an animal are arranged around a point or an axis
Symmetry:
Types of symmetry
Asymmetry:
the absence of a central point or axis around which body parts are equally distributed
characterizes most protists and many sponges not known to be an adaption or advantage to anything organisms do not develop complex communication, sensory, or locomotor functions
Types of symmetry
Radial
Symmetry: arrangement of body parts such that any plane passing through the central oral-aboral axis divides the animal into mirror images
oral-aboral axis: one point of reference is the mouth (oral end) and a second point of reference is the end opposite the mouth (aboral end) often modified by the arrangement of some structures in pairs , or in other combinations, around the central oral-aboral axis
Types of symmetry
Bilateral
Symmetry: the arrangement of body parts such that a single plane, passing between upper and lower surfaces and through the longitudinal axis of an animal, divides the animal into right and left mirror images.
characteristic of active, crawling, or swimming animals tend to move in one direction, so one end is generally more complex Cephalization: the development or formation of a distinct head
Planes
of symmetry are used to describe the organisms based on the relationships of body parts all animals are easily described and can be confusing if different people try to explain them differently make it simpler some terms have been universally adopted.
Not
To
Terms of Directions:
Aboral: Oral:
Anterior:
Distal:
the end opposite the mouth the end containing the mouth the head end; usually the end of a bilateral animal that meets its environment the tail end toward the tail toward the head away from the point of attachment of a structure on the body (the toes are distal to the knee)
Terms of Directions:
Proximal:
toward the point of attachment of a structure on the body (the hip is proximal to the knee) Dorsal: the back of an animal; usually the upper surface; synonymous with posterior for animals that walk upright Ventral: the belly of an animal; usually the lower surface; synonymous with anterior for animals that walk upright Inferior: below a point of reference (the mouth is inferior to the nose in humans) Superior: above the point of reference (the neck is superior to the chest) Lateral: away from the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images Medial (median): on or near the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images
B. Endoderm: gives rise to the gastrodermis, the tissue that lines the gut cavity
between the epidermis and gastrodermis is the mesoglea, a noncellular layer cells in each layer are functionally interdependent
Triploblastic Subgroups
Based on the presence of and what kind of body cavity they have.
Body Cavity: a fluid-filled space in which the internal organs can be suspended and separated from the body wall
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Provide more room for organ development. Provide more surface area for diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes into and out of organs Provide and area for storage. Often act as hydrostatic skeletons. Provide a vehicle for eliminating wastes and reproductive products from the body Facilitate increased body size.
Triploblastic Subgroups:
A.
Triploblastic Acoelemate Pattern: the mesoderm layer is a relatively solid mass of cells between ectodermal and endodermal layers
acoelemate means without a cavity some of the mesodermal cells are parenchyma: loosely organized cells not specialized for a specific function
Triploblastic Subgroups:
B.
Triploblastic Subgroups:
C.
suspend visceral organs in the body cavity. mesentery: the suspending sheets of organisms.
Eumetazoa are further divided into two groups based on body symmetry
Radiata: animals that have radial symmetry Bilateria: animals that have bilateral symmetry
Bilateria
Comparative Embryology: studies based on the observation that embryological events may be similar because of shared ancestry
B.
Protostomes: include animals in the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, and others Deuterstomes: include animals in the phyla Echinodermatat, Hemichrodata, Chordata, and others.