The background of WHY WE NEED quantum mechanic

CLASSICAL MECHANIC FAIL IN MAKING PREDICTION TO

HIGH SPEED OF MICROSCOPIC PARTICLE MOVING
WHY ???
Because Classical Mechanic consider that small particle moving is
obeying the Newton law, whereas the moving of high speed
particle obeys the de Broglie dualism
what is the meaning ?
The moving of high speed particle has wave properties () in
addition to its particle properties ( momentum, p) in relation:

=
h
p
THUS, we need special mechanic for high speed particle moving,
.that is
Quantum Mechanic
Quantum Mechanic
Matric Mechanic
W. Heissenberg
Wave Mechanic
Schrodinger
Completely Mathematic
Physical Wave Approach
The main role is
SCHRODINGER EQUATION
Completely Mathematic
TIME DEPENDENT Schrodinger
EQUATION (TDSE)
Is equation that states the relation between
the first differential of wave function to time and
the second differential of that function to coordinate
t
) t , x ( F
c
c
2
2
x
) t , x ( F
c
c
The exactly is
t
) t , x ( F
c
c
2
2
) , (

x
t x F
of time many how
c
c
=
t) - i(kx
A.e
function wave physical ) , (
e
=
= t x F
k = 2t / ; e = 2 t v ;
= wave length ;
v = wave frecuency
The steps of how to get Schrodinger equation:
1. Differentiate F(x,t) to t
2. Differentiate twice F(x,t) to x
3. The result (1) / (2)
t
) t , x ( F
c
c
) t kx ( i
Ae i
e
e =
) t , x ( F ie =
2
2
x
) t , x ( F
c
c
) t kx ( i 2
Ae k
e
= ) t , x ( F k
2
=
t
) t , x ( F
c
c
2
2
x
) t , x ( F
c
c
2
k
i

e
=
2
2
x
) t , x ( F
c
c
2
k
i

e
=
Schrodinger Eq. for
physical wave
t
) t , x ( F
c
c

E
E
h
2
2 =
t
= v t = e

2
k

t
=
de Broglie dualism

p

h
p 2

=
t
=
e and k be substituted
2
2
x
) t , x ( F
c
c
2
p
E
i =
t
) t , x ( F
c
c
Since we have used de Broglie Dualism, then the wave function is
not again as physical function, but has been changed to particle
wave , and the notation not F, but +
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
2
p
E
i =
t
) t , x (
c
+ c
E replaced with T + V :
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
2
p
V T
i
+
=
t
) t , x (
c
+ c
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
2
p
T
i =
t
) t , x (
c
+ c
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
2
p
V
i +
T replaced with p
2
/2m
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
m 2
i

=
t
) t , x (
c
+ c
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
2
p
V
i +
The both side multipled with
i
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
m 2

-
2

=
t
) t , x (
i
c
+ c

2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
2
2
p
V

) t , x ( k
2
+
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
m 2

-
2

=
t
) t , x (
i
c
+ c

2
2
p
V
+
) t , x ( k
2
+
: thus , p/ since = k
m 2

-
2

=
t
) t , x (
i
c
+ c

) t , x ( V+ +
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
TIME DEPENDENT SCHRODINGER EQUATION
Some times also written as
m 2

-
2

=
t
) t , x (
i c
+ c

) t , x ( V+ +
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
Physical meaning of left side
We have known that
t
) t , x ( F
c
c
) t , x ( F ie =
t
) t , x (
c
+ c
) t , x ( i + e =

E
h / E 2 2 = t = tv = e
t
) t , x (
c
+ c
) t , x (
E
i + =

The left side is

=
c
+ c

t
) t , x (
i ) t , x ( E+
Thus the left side is E +(x,t)
What about right side?
Since the left side = E+(x,t) thus the right side must E+(x,t) too
The second term of right side is V+(x,t), thus the first term must: T+
m 2

-
2

=
) t , x ( V+ +
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
t) (x, E + =
t) (x, T + =
t
) t , x (
i
c
+ c

TIME INDEPENDENT SCHRODINGER

EQUATION
0 ) x ( ) V (E
2m
+
dx
d
(x)
2 2
) x (
2
=

How can we get it ???????????????????????

m 2

-
2

=
t
) t , x (
i
c
+ c

) t , x ( V+ +
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
t) (x, E + =
m 2

-
2

) t , x ( V+ +
2
2
x
) t , x (
c
+ c
t) (x, E + =
) t ( ). x ( + + =
m 2

-
2

) t ( ). x ( V + + +
2
2
x
) t ( ). x (
c
+ + c
(t) (x). E + + =
m 2

-
2

) t ( ). x ( V + + +
2
2
dx
) x ( d
) t (
+
+
(t) (x). E + + =
m 2

-
2

) x ( V+ +
2
2
dx
) x ( d +
(x) E + =
Time independent
Schrodinger equation (TISE)
If wave function from TISE be factorized, then the form becomeS:
{
m 2

-
2

} ) x ( V + +
2
2
dx
d
E =
Hamilton operator =
Usually written as
m 2

-
2

+
2
2
dx
d
T Operator Energy Kinetic

,
H

WAVE FUNCTION
WAVE FUNCTION is mathematical function which
describe everything about particle wave motion; and
the value of its square (its quadratic value) is the
probability of finding the particle at the certain time
and position
2. Quadratically integrable
3. The curve of +, first differential and secind differential of +
must be a continuum curve.
Are all of mathematical function can be wave function ?:
No, Mathematic function can be the wave function if
they meet the following conditions:
Normalized
The function is normalized, if:

}
= t + +
space all
1 d . *
4. The square value of Y must be the value of probability to find
the particle at certain time and posisiton
Well behaved function
THE EXPRESSION OF TIME FUNCTION; +(t)
From the physical meaning of left side of TDSE, we have
known that::
=
c
+ c

t
) t , x (
i ) t , x ( E+
If +(x,t) be stated as +(x) . +(t), then
=
+
+
dt
) t ( d
i ). x ( ) t ( ). x ( . E + +
=
+

dt
) t ( d
i ) t ( . E +
or:
=
+
+

dt
) t ( d
(t)
1
i
E
=
+
+

dt
) t ( d
(t)
1

i
E
=
+
+

dt
) t ( d
(t)
1

E
i
dt movrd to right side:
or
= +
+
) t ( d
(t)
1
dt
E
i

If the both side be integrated

= + (t) n l
t
E
i

= + (t)
/ iEt
e

Usually written as:

= + (t)
t
E
i
e

Thus, time dependent wave function, +(x,t) is:

= + t) (x,
t
E
i
e ). x (

+
: then ,
a
3
sin A
) (
x
x
t
= +
Exercise 1:
If the potential energy of an electron is zero, and its system
expressed by wave function:
a) what the value of normalization factor (A)
b) find the energy of system
c) determine the time function +
(t)
d) determine the coordinate and time function +(x,t)
e) calculate the probability of finding electron at the position
between 0 and 0.75a