Geotech IV 6 Seepage and Flow Net

Geotechnical Engineering
Lecture
Civil Engineering Term IV

Prof. Kazunori Tabe, Ph.D.

Civil Engineering Section
School of Engineering and Technology
Sharda University

Source: http://starb.on.coocan.jp/
Lecture Note !
LMS (read in campus only)
Search: kazunori tabe
Click lecture note 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Sanjay (Rm#501)
Geotechnical Engineering-Syllabus
Lecture Contents
1. Syllabus and Introduction (4 hrs)
2. Soil Classification (4hrs)
3. Phase Diagram (4 hrs)
4. Permeability of Soils (4 hrs)
5. Effective Stress (4 hrs)
6. Seepage and Flow Nets (4 hrs)
7. Soil Compaction (4hrs)
8. Consolidation and Settlements (4hrs)
9. Shear Strength (4hrs)
10. Slope Stability (4hrs)

Term Periods and coverage
To Mid Term Exam
1. 10
th
Jan,-14
th
Jan.
2. 17
th
Jan. 21
st
Jan.
3. 24
th
Jan. 28
th
Jan.
4. 31
st
Jan. 4
th
Feb.
5. 7
th
Feb. 11
st
Feb.
6. 14
th
Feb. 18
th
Feb.
7. 21
st
Feb. 25
th
Feb.
8. 28
th
Feb. 4
th
Mar.
9. 9
th
Mar. 16
th
Mar.

Expected coverage:
Introduction (4 hrs),
Soil Classification(4hrs),
Phase Diagram (4 hrs),
Permeability of Soils (4 hrs),
Effective Stress (4 hrs),
Seepage and Flow Nets (4 hrs)

To End Term Exam
1. 21
st
Mar.-25
th
Mar.
2. 28
th
Mar. 1
st
Apr.
3. 4
th
Apr. 8
th
Apr.
4. 11
st
Apr. 15
th
Apr.
5. 18
th
Apr. 22
nd
Apr.
6. 25
th
Apr. 29
th
Apr.
7. 2
nd
May 6
th
May
8. 9
th
May 16
th
May

Expected coverage:
Soil Compaction (4 hrs),
Consolidation and Settlement (4hrs),
Shear Strength and Triaxial Tests (4hrs)
Slope Stability (4 hrs)

What we learned in Geotech
lecture
Clay
Atterberg Limit Tests
Soil Classification
System
Phase Diagram
Permeability
Sand
Sieve Analysis
Soil Classification
System
Phase Diagram
Permeability

Soils as construction
materials

Clay
Water doesnt
move through
clay very well.
Sand
Water moves
through sand
quite well.
Clay
Effective Stress
(Fluctuation of WT)
More practical?
Sand
Effective Stress
(Fluctuation of WT)
More practical?

Mass Volume Relationship Stress Volume Relationship
6. Seepage and Flow Net (1/4)
Geotechnical Engineering -Syllabus
6. Seepage and Flow Nets
Learning Objectives;

Gain an understanding of seepage pressure and
its role in causing the quick condition
Gain an understanding of Darcy's law.
An ability to draw flow nets and determine the
water head at a given point and the water flow
rate
An ability to calculate critical hydraulic gradient
and factor of safety against quick condition,
Etc.
Source: jan.ucc.nau.edu
1. Introduction (4 hrs)
2. Soil Classification (4hrs)
3. Phase Diagram (4 hrs)
4. Permeability of Soils (4 hrs)
5. Effective Stress (4 hrs)
6. Seepage and Flow Nets (4
hrs)
7. Soil Compaction (4hrs)
8. Consolidation and
Settlements (4hrs)
9. Shear Strength (4hrs)
10. Slope Stability (4hrs)

Core Test Page
P.148-154 (esp. p.154)
P.173-199
P. 173-175 (Theory: Laplaces Equation->flow lines and
equipotential lines)
Flow Net
P. 175-180 (flow lines and equipotential lines form Flow
Nets, Use of Flow Nets)
P. 180-183 (Method for obtaining Flow Nets)
P. 183-189 (flow and soil condition)
P. 190-199 (Examples and Problems)
2D Flow-Laplaces Equation
(p.173-175)
The flow of water into an element in a
saturated soil

) dim 2 (
, 0
arg
arg
f low ensional f or
paper the of plane the to lar perpendicu direction y the in velocity the v
z
h
direction vertical the in gradient hydraulic the i
direction vertical the in velocity e disch of component the v
x
h
direction horizontal the in gradient hydraulic the i
direction horizontal the in velocity e disch of component the v
plane this to lar perpendicu length the dy
paper the of plane the in direction vertical the dz
paper the of plane the in direction horizontal the dx
y
z
z
x
x
= =
|
.
|
\
|
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
= =
=
=
=
=
o
o
o
o
(p.173-175)
dzdxdy
z
v
dxdy v dxdzdy
x
v
dzdy v time unit in element the leaves that water of amount The
dxdy v dzdy v time unit in element the entering water of amount The
z
z
x
x
z x
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ =
+ =
(p.173-175)
( )
( ) ) 1 . 7 ( 0 sin 0
0
. :
= =
c
c
+
c
c
= + |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ +
c
c
+
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ =
+ =
dxdzdy ce
z
v
x
v
or dxdy v dzdy v dzdxdy
z
v
dxdy v dxdzdy
x
v
dzdy v
time with condition any in change no be can there f low state steady the In
dzdxdy
z
v
dxdy v dxdzdy
x
v
z x
z x
z
z
x
x
z
z
x
x
z x
(p.173-175)
( )
( )
) 2 . 7 ( 0
;
hom ' min
) 1 . 7 ( 0 sin 0
0
. :
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
= =
c
c
+
c
c
= + |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ +
c
c
+
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ =
+ =
z
h
x
h
ty permeabili to respect with isotropy soil that
and ogeneous is soil the that and law s Darcy of validity the that g Assu
dxdzdy ce
z
v
x
v
z
v
dxdy v dxdzdy
x
v
dzdy v
dzdxdy
z
v
dxdy v dxdzdy
x
v
z x
z x
z
z
x
x
z
z
x
x
z x
(p.173-175)
( )
( )
( )
.
. int
) 2 (
.
. 2 ' ) 1 (
) 2 . 7 ( 0
;
hom ' min
) 1 . 7 ( 0 sin 0
0
. :
2
2
2
2
equal is head potential total the where s po joining
lines are lines ial equipotent the and f low of direction the indicate lines Flow
lines ial equipotent set other the and lines f low the as known is curves of set One
other each to orthogonal curves of sets yields Equation s Laplace the of solution general The
z
h
x
h
ty permeabili to respect with isotropy soil that
and ogeneous is soil the that and law s Darcy of validity the that g Assu
dxdzdy ce
z
v
x
v
z
v
dxdy v dxdzdy
x
v
dzdy v
dzdxdy
z
v
dxdy v dxdzdy
x
v
z x
z x
z
z
x
x
z
z
x
x
z x
=
c
c
+
c
c
= =
c
c
+
c
c
= + |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ +
c
c
+
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ =
+ =
Flow Nets (p.175-180)
h=2.25-0.25=2m
Flow lines
a-b, c-d, e-f, etc.
The flow path of water in a pervious
medium
Equipotential lines
The points on the flow lines where the
total head or total head loss is the
same
Flow lines and Equipotential lines form
Flow Net .
Numbers of flow lines and equipotential lines
It is inconvenient to draw too many of
these lines in a flow net.
Flow lines have to cross equipotential
lines orthogonally.
Use of Flow Net (p.176-180)
) 3 . 7 ( 1 ; 1 ; 1
; sec
, . , '
3
3
3
3 2
2
2
2 1
1
1
1

A
= A
A
= A
A
= A
=
a
b
h
k q a
b
h
k q a
b
h
k q
tion the of plane the to lar perpendicu
width unit per f low the So kiA f low of rate law s Darcy From
1
, " "
3 & 2
2 & 1
) 3 . 7 ( 1 ; 1 ; 1
; sec
, . , '
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2
2 1
3
3
3
3 2
2
2
2 1
1
1
1
= = =
A = A
A = A
A
= A
A
= A
A
= A
=
b
a
b
a
b
a
squares elementary as drawn are net f low a in f ields all If
h h lines ial equipotent same Field
q q channel f low same Field
a
b
h
k q a
b
h
k q a
b
h
k q
d d
d
n
H
k q
n
H
h
drops ial equipotent of n and f low the during loss head total the is H If
h k q
equal be also will f ield each across loss head the and equal be will f ield each through f low of quantity The
h h h h
q q q q
Eq in above all Substitute
b
a
b
a
b
a
squares elementary as drawn are net f low a in f ields all If
h h lines ial equipotent same Field
q q channel f low same Field
a
b
h
k q a
b
h
k q a
b
h
k q
= A = A
=
A = A
A = A = A = A
A = A = A = A
= = =
A = A
A = A
A
= A
A
= A
A
= A
=
, # ,
.
, 3 . 7 .
1
, " "
3 & 2
2 & 1
) 3 . 7 ( 1 ; 1 ; 1
; sec
, . , '
3 2 1
3 2 1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2
2 1
3
3
3
3 2
2
2
2 1
1
1
1
) 6 . 7 (
) (
) 5 . 7 (
, #
n
n
n
kH q
net f low in squares elementary not are f ields all n
b
a
If
n
n
kH n q q
is length unit per channels f low all through q f low of rate The
n is net f low a in channels f low of the If
d
f
d
f
f
f
=
=
= A =
Uplift pressure (p.179)
Exit gradient and piping (p.179)
Pore-water pressure determination (p.180)
Method for obtaining Flow Nets
(p.180-183)
Analytical method
Electrical flow analogy
Capillary flow analogy
Sand model
Graphical method
Graphical method
Upstream ground surface AB is an
equipotential line, since at every point on
AB, the total head is constant and equal to
2m (pressure head=2.25m; elevation
head=-0.25m, for the datum shown)

(p.180-183)
Graphical method
Similarly, CD is an equipotential line with
total head equal to 0m at every point on it
(pressure head=0.25m and elevation
head=-0.25m)

(p.180-183)
Graphical method
head=-0.25m)
From point A, water flows down the sheet
pile on the upstream side, touched the tip of
the sheet pile E and moves up on the
downstream face EC. Thus, AEC is a flow
line.

(p.180-183)
Graphical method
head=-0.25m)
From point A, water flows down the sheet
pile on the upstream side, touched the tip of
the sheet pile E and moves up on the
downstream face EC. Thus, AEC is a flow
line.
FG is a flow line, since water must flow
along the impermeable surface and cannot
penetrate the impermeable layer.

(p.180-183)
Confined flow
Flow space was completely defined by the 4
boundary conditions and flow itself was limited
to this space.

Unconfined flow
The flow space is not fully defined.
Flow Net Conditions (p. 183-189)
Confined & Unconfined (p.183-186)
Unconfined (Homogeneous and Isotropic) (p.183-186)
The upstream slope AC is a boundary equipotential line (=H), since at every
point on it, the total head is constant.
The discharge surface FH is a boundary equipotential line with zero total head.
The top flow line would begin at point C.
The exact flow path of the water is not known. However, at every point on the
top line, the pressure head is zero (=atmospheric pressure). Therefore, the total
head is simply equal to the elevation head.

Unconfined (Homogeneous and Isotropic) (p.183-186)
There must be equal vertical intervals AH between the points of intersection of
successive equipotential lines with top flow line. (Kozeny, Casagrande)

Casagrande , A. (1937) Seepage Through Dams, reprinted in the Boston Society of Civil Engineers,
Contributions to Soil Mechanics, 1925-1940. This reference quated J.S. Kozenys aproach.

Anisotropic ->P.186-188
Nonhomogeneous->p.188-189

Thank you.
Lecture


Sharda University

Seepage and Flow Nets
What is seepage pressure? Why is it important to
Geotechnical engineering?

Seepage pressure is the pressure due to viscous
friction exerted by the water flowing through soil
pores. Seepage pressure can increase or decrease
the effective stress in a soil mass.
When seepage pressure acts against gravity, quick
sand condition occurs.
This is important in the stability analysis of earth
structures subjected to the action of seepage.
What are the applications of flow net? What are the characteristics of
flow net?

Flow nets are used to determine hydrostatic pressure,
seepage pressure, and exit gradient under 2D or 3D flow
conditions.
A flow net is made up of flow lines and equipotential lines,
where they meet at right angles to each other and form
approximately square elements.
Flow lines are the path along which the water travels from
upstream to downstream in permeable saturated soil. The
equipotential lines represent lines along which the total head
is constant. The quantity of water flowing through each flow
channel is the same as well as the potential drop occurring
between two successive equipotential lines.
Seepage and Flow Nets
Seepage and Flow Net calculation 1
A new building with deep
basement is proposed to construct
over a site. The boring data shows
a thin layer of impervious clay is
encountered 15m below the
ground water table, which is two
feet below grade. Ignoring the
pressure of sheeting to support
the excavation, determine the
maximum depth of excavation
without the danger of blow out if
the saturated unit weight of the
sandy soil is 1900 kg/m3.
15m 1900kg/m3 1000kg/m3
1900kg/m3
15m 1900kg/m3 1000kg/m3
1900kg/m3
( )
( ) D H P
D P
layer of bottom the on pressure upward and Downward
Step
w w up
w soil down
=
=

:
: 1
15m 1900kg/m3 1000kg/m3
1900kg/m3
( )
( )
( ) ( )
m
H
D
D H D
P P when occurs out blow
excavation of Depth
Step
D H P
D P
Step
soil
w w
w w w soil
up down
w w up
w soil down
8 9 . 7
:
: 2
:
: 1
~ = =
=
=
=
=

15m 1900kg/m3 1000kg/m3
1900kg/m3
( )
( )
( ) ( )
. 8
:
8 9 . 7
:
: 2
:
: 1
m than greater is excavation of depth the if occurs out Blow
Answer
m
H
D
D H D
P P when occurs out blow
excavation of Depth
Step
D H P
D P
Step
soil
w w
w w w soil
up down
w w up
w soil down
~ = =
=
=
=
=

Water is flowing through two types of soils, gravel and
sand, under a constant head with an area of 20 cm2.
Determine:

Seepage pressures and piezometric head at point A.

If 35% of the excess seepage pressure is lost as water
flows upward through gravel, what is the seepage
pressufre and piezometric head at point B?

What is the quantity of water flowing through the
gravel if its hydraulic conductivity is 2.6m/day?

What is the hydraulic conductivity of the sand?
20cm
15cm
10cm
20cm
15cm
10cm
2
20
6 . 2 , 20 , 15 , 10
:
cm A
day
m
k cm H cm H cm H
Given
gravel w sand gravel
=
= = = =
20cm
15cm
10cm
cm H H H H
cm H H H
B po at head c piezometri and pressure seepage e Deter
cm H H H H
cm H H
A po at head c piezometri and pressure seepage e Deter
Step
cm A
day
m
k cm H cm H cm H
Given
gravel w piezo A piezo B
w seepage A seepage B
w sand gravel piezo A
w seepage A
gravel w sand gravel
28 10 20 35 . 0 45 35 . 0
13 20 35 . 0 20 35 . 0
: int min
45 10 15 20
20
: int min
: 1
20
6 . 2 , 20 , 15 , 10
:
. .
. .
.
.
2
= = =
= = =
= + + = + + =
= =
=
= = = =
20cm
15cm
10cm
day
cm
A i k q
H
H
i
gravel in rate f low Calculate
Step
gravel gravel
gravel
w
gravel
3
3695 20 70 . 0 260
70 . 0
10
20 35 . 0 35 . 0
:
: 2
= = =
=
= =
20cm
15cm
10cm
( ) ( )
87 . 0
15
20 35 . 0 1 35 . 0 1
:
:
: 3
=

=
=
sand
w
sand
H
H
i
layer sand through gradient hydraulic
sand the of ty conductivi hydraulic Calculate
Step
20cm
15cm
10cm
day
m
day
cm
A i
q
k
layers gravel and sand through place takes f low same The
Step
sand
sand
12 . 2 212
20 87 . 0
3695
:
: 4
= =
= =
Water is flowing through the soil layers shown below.
Determine the total stress, effective stress, and water pressure at point A and point B.
1800 kg/m3
1.3 cm/s
2000 kg/m3
0.6 cm/s
12m
9m
12m
1800 kg/m3
1.3 cm/s
2000 kg/m3
0.6 cm/s
12m
9m
12m
3 2 3 2 2
1 3 1 1
1000 ,
sec
6 . 0 , 2000 , 12
21 ,
sec
3 . 1 , 1800 , 21 :
m
kg cm
k
m
kg
m L
m H
cm
k
m
kg
m L Given
w
w
= = = =
= = = =


1800 kg/m3
1.3 cm/s
2000 kg/m3
0.6 cm/s
12m
9m
12m
m h m h h h
h h ce
h h
h cm h cm
L
h
i
L
h
i
where
A i k A i k
layer soil each f or lost head water e Deter
Step
m
kg cm
k
m
kg
m L
m H
cm
k
m
kg
m L Given
w
w
3 . 5 , 7 . 6 12 8 . 0
12 ) 12 9 ( ) 12 9 12 ( sin
8 . 0
12 sec
6 . 0
21 sec
3 . 1
,
:
: min
: 1
1000 ,
sec
6 . 0 , 2000 , 12
21 ,
sec
3 . 1 , 1800 , 21 :
1 2 2 2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 2 2 1 1 1
3 2 3 2 2
1 3 1 1
= A = A = A + A
= + + + = A + A
A = A
A
=
A
A
=
A
=
=
= = = =
= = = =


1800 kg/m3
1.3 cm/s
2000 kg/m3
0.6 cm/s
12m
9m
12m
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2 1 1
49800 12000 61800
12000 12 1000
61800 12 2000 21 1800
: int , ,
22100 15700 37800
15700 3 . 5 21 1000
37800 21 1800
: int , ,
: 2
m
kg
m
kg
H u
m
kg
L L
B po at stress ef f ective and pressure water pore stress total Calculate
m
kg
m
kg
h L u
m
kg
L
A po at stress ef f ective and pressure water pore stress total Calculate
Step
w w B
B
w A
A
= = '
= = =
= + = + =
= = '
= = A =
= = =
o
o
o
o
What is the seepage flow rate, per unit width,
under the concrete dam shown below?

23m
10m
15m
3m
0.01 cm/s
0.0000001 cm/s
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
sand w w
1 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 10 :
2 1
= = = =
m H H H
drops head Calculate
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
w w
sand w w
7 3 10
:
: 1
1 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 10 :
2 1
2 1
= = = A
= = = =
day
m cm
N
N
H k q
dam concrete the under rate f low Seepage
Step
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
d
f
sand
w w
sand w w
3 3
2 1
2 1
23
sec
5 . 262 100
8
3
700 01 . 0
:
: 2
7 3 10
:
: 1
1 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 10 :
~ = = A =
= = = A
= = = =
Thank you.
Lecture


Sharda University

Draw a flow net for sheet pile shown
below:

What is the piezometric head above the
datum at point A and B?

What is the flow rate below the sheet pile
in cubic meter per day if the structure is
150 m wide?
3m
12m
10m
23m
=0.0000001 cm/s
3m
12m
10m
23m
=0.0000001 cm/s
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
sand w w
150 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 10 :
2 1
= = = =
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
d
w w
sand w w
875 . 0
8
7
7 3 10
:
: 1
150 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 10 :
2 1
2 1
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
m h H H
B po at head c Piezometri
m h H H
A po at head c Piezometri
head c Piezometri
Step
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
w B
w A
d
w w
sand w w
1 . 4 05 . 4 875 . 0 8 . 6 10 8 . 6
: int
7 . 8 6875 . 8 875 . 0 5 . 1 10 5 . 1
: int
:
: 2
875 . 0
8
7
7 3 10
:
: 1
150 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 10 :
2
1
2 1
2 1
~ = = A =
~ = = A =
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
N
H k q
dam the through rate Flow
Step
m h H H
m h H H
head c Piezometri
Step
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
d
f
sand
w B
w A
d
w w
sand w w
3
2
1
2 1
2 1
4536 150
8
4
7
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
01 . 0
:
: 3
1 . 4 05 . 4 875 . 0 8 . 6 10 8 . 6
: int
7 . 8 6875 . 8 875 . 0 5 . 1 10 5 . 1
: int
:
: 2
875 . 0
8
7
7 3 10
:
: 1
150 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 10 :
=

= A =
~ = = A =
~ = = A =
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
Calculate the factor of safety against downstream heave for the sheet
pile shown below. The saturated unit weight of the soil is 2000 kg/m3.

Reference: Alam Singh, Modern Geotechnical Engineering, 3
rd
Ed.
CBS, pp. 202-204.
3m
10m
15m
6m
Calculate the factor of safety against downstream heave for the sheet
pile shown below. The saturated unit weight of the soil is 2000 kg/m3.
3m
10m
15m
6m
m D m H m H
m
kg
m
kg
Given
w w sand w
6 , 3 , 10 , 2000 , 1000
:
2 1 3 3
= = = = =
m
H H
H
m H H H
zone heave the below head Average
Step
m D m H m H
m
kg
m
kg
Given
avg
w w
w w sand w
74 . 2
2
7
6
7 . 1
7
6
3
2
6
7 . 1
6
3
7 3 10
:
: 1
6 , 3 , 10 , 2000 , 1000
:
2 1
2 1 3 3
=
+
=
A + A
=
= = = A
= = = = =
46 . 0
6
74 . 2
:
: 2
74 . 2
2
7
6
7 . 1
7
6
3
2
6
7 . 1
6
3
7 3 10
:
: 1
6 , 3 , 10 , 2000 , 1000
:
2 1
2 1 3 3
= = =
=
+
=
A + A
=
= = = A
= = = = =
D
H
i
gradient hydraulic Average
Step
m
H H
H
m H H H
Step
m D m H m H
m
kg
m
kg
Given
avg
avg
avg
w w
w w sand w

17 . 2
1000 46 . 0
1000
1000 1000 2000
:
: 3
46 . 0
6
74 . 2
:
: 2
74 . 2
2
7
6
7 . 1
7
6
3
2
6
7 . 1
6
3
7 3 10
:
: 1
6 , 3 , 10 , 2000 , 1000
:
3
2 1
2 1 3 3
=
=
'
=
= = = '
= = =
=
+
=
A + A
=
= = = A
= = = = =
w avg
s
w sand
avg
avg
avg
w w
w w sand w
i
F
m
kg
heave downstream against saf ety of Factor
Step
D
H
i
gradient hydraulic Average
Step
m
H H
H
m H H H
Step
m D m H m H
m
kg
m
kg
Given

Draw a flow net for the sheet pile structure
shown below.
Compute the quantity of flow in cubic meter
per day.
What is the head at point A & B?
12m
10m
23m
3m
12m
10m
23m
3m
m width
cm
k m H m H
Given
w w
1 ,
sec
05 . 0 , 3 , 10
:
2 1
= = = =
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H
Given
d
w w
w w
7 . 0
10
7
7 3 10
:
: 1
1 ,
sec
05 . 0 , 3 , 10
:
2 1
2 1
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
m h H H m h h
m h H H m h h
datum the above head c Piezometri
Step
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H
Given
B w B B
A w A A
d
w w
w w
33 . 4 67 . 5 10 , 67 . 5 7 . 0 1 . 8 1 . 8
67 . 8 33 . 1 10 , 33 . 1 7 . 0 9 . 1 9 . 1
:
: 2
7 . 0
10
7
7 3 10
:
: 1
1 ,
sec
05 . 0 , 3 , 10
:
1
1
2 1
2 1
= = A = = = A = A
= = A = = = A = A
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
HN
k q
structure the below rate Flow
Step
m h H H m h h
m h H H m h h
datum the above head c Piezometri
Step
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H
Given
d
f
B w B B
A w A A
d
w w
w w
3
1
1
2 1
2 1
2 . 151 1
10
5 7 sec 24 60 60
100 sec
05 . 0
:
: 3
33 . 4 67 . 5 10 , 67 . 5 7 . 0 1 . 8 1 . 8
67 . 8 33 . 1 10 , 33 . 1 7 . 0 9 . 1 9 . 1
:
: 2
7 . 0
10
7
7 3 10
:
: 1
1 ,
sec
05 . 0 , 3 , 10
:
=

=
A
=
= = A = = = A = A
= = A = = = A = A
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
For the sheet pile shown below, using a flow
net:

What is the piezometric head above the ground
level at point A and B?

What is the flow rate below the structure in
cubic meter per day if the structure is
100 m wide?

What is the factor of safety against down
stream heave if the saturated unit weight of
sand is 1800 kg/m3?

Reference: Alam Singh, Modern Geotechnical
Engineering, 3
rd
Ed. CBS, pp. 202-204.

12m
10m
23m
12m
10m
23m
P1 P2
A B
m D
m
kg
m
kg
cm
k m width m H m H Given
w sand
sand w w
12 , 1000 , 1800
sec
01 . 0 , 100 , 0 , 10 :
3 3
2 1
= = =
= = = =

P1 P2
A B
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m D
m
kg
m
kg
cm
d
w w
w sand
sand w w
25 . 1
8
10
10 0 10
:
: 1
12 , 1000 , 1800
sec
01 . 0 , 100 , 0 , 10 :
2 1
3 3
2 1
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = =
= = = =

P1 P2
A B
m h H H
m h H H
head c Piezometri
Step
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m D
m
kg
m
kg
cm
w B
w A
d
w w
w sand
sand w w
75 . 1 25 . 1 6 . 6 10 6 . 6
: int
375 . 8 25 . 1 3 . 1 10 3 . 1
: int
:
: 2
25 . 1
8
10
10 0 10
:
: 1
12 , 1000 , 1800
sec
01 . 0 , 100 , 0 , 10 :
1
1
2 1
3 3
2 1
= = A =
= = A =
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = =
= = = =

P1 P2
A B
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
N
H k q
Step
d
f
sand
3
4320 100
8
4
10
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
01 . 0
:
: 3
=

= A =
P1 P2
A B
:
: 4
4320 100
8
4
10
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
01 . 0
:
: 3
3
heave stream down against saf ety of Factor
Step
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
N
H k q
Step
d
f
sand
=

= A =
P1 P2
A B
m
P P
H
m h H P
m h H P
zone heave the below head average
Step
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
N
H k q
Step
avg
w
w
d
f
sand
875 . 3
2
75 . 2 5
2
75 . 2 25 . 1 8 . 5 10 8 . 5
5 25 . 1 0 . 4 10 0 . 4
:
: 4
4320 100
8
4
10
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
01 . 0
:
: 3
2 1
1 2
1 1
3
=
+
=
+
=
= = A =
= = A =
=

= A =
P1 P2
A B
32 . 0
12
875 . 3
875 . 3
2
75 . 2 5
2
75 . 2 25 . 1 8 . 5 10 8 . 5
5 25 . 1 0 . 4 10 0 . 4
:
: 4
4320 100
8
4
10
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
01 . 0
:
: 3
2 1
1 2
1 1
3
= = =
=
+
=
+
=
= = A =
= = A =
=

= A =
D
H
i
gradient hydraulic average
m
P P
H
m h H P
m h H P
Step
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
N
H k q
Step
avg
avg
avg
w
w
d
f
sand
P1 P2
A B
5 . 2
1000 32 . 0
800
800 1000 1800
32 . 0
12
875 . 3
875 . 3
2
75 . 2 5
2
75 . 2 25 . 1 8 . 5 10 8 . 5
5 25 . 1 0 . 4 10 0 . 4
:
: 4
4320 100
8
4
10
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
01 . 0
:
: 3
3
2 1
1 2
1 1
3
=
=
'
=
= = = '
= = =
=
+
=
+
=
= = A =
= = A =
=

= A =
w avg
s
w sand
avg
avg
avg
w
w
d
f
sand
i
F
m
kg
heave downstream against saf ety of Factor
D
H
i
gradient hydraulic average
m
P P
H
m h H P
m h H P
Step
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
N
H k q
Step

P1 P2
A B
Thank you.
Lecture


Sharda University

For the hydraulic structure shown
below:

datum at point A, B, and C?

What is the flow rate below the
structure in cubic feet per day if the
structure is 100 m wide?
3m
30m
12m
15m
3m
30m
12m
15m
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
w w
100 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 12 :
2 1
= = = =
7 . 0 69 . 0
13
9
9 3 12
:
: 1
100 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 12 :
2 1
2 1
~ = =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
d
w w
w w
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
m h H C m h h
m h H B m h h
m h H A m h h
datum the above head c piezometri Calculate
Step
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
C w C
B w B
A w A
d
w w
w w
58 . 4 42 . 7 12 , 42 . 7 7 . 0 6 . 10 6 . 10
68 . 6 32 . 5 12 , 32 . 5 7 . 0 6 . 7 6 . 7
09 . 11 91 . 0 12 , 91 . 0 7 . 0 3 . 1 3 . 1
:
: 2
7 . 0 69 . 0
13
9
9 3 12
:
: 1
100 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 12 :
1
1
1
2 1
2 1
= = A = = = A = A
= = A = = = A = A
= = A = = = A = A
~ = =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
N
H k q
structure the below rate f low Calculate
Step
m h H C m h h
m h H B m h h
m h H A m h h
Step
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
d
f
C w C
B w B
A w A
d
w w
w w
3
1
1
1
2 1
2 1
23926 100
13
4
9
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
01 . 0
:
: 3
58 . 4 42 . 7 12 , 42 . 7 7 . 0 6 . 10 6 . 10
68 . 6 32 . 5 12 , 32 . 5 7 . 0 6 . 7 6 . 7
09 . 11 91 . 0 12 , 91 . 0 7 . 0 3 . 1 3 . 1
:
: 2
7 . 0 69 . 0
13
9
9 3 12
:
: 1
100 ,
sec
01 . 0 , 3 , 12 :
=

= A =
= = A = = = A = A
= = A = = = A = A
= = A = = = A = A
~ = =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
Draw a flow net below the dam shown
below:

datum at point A, B, and C?

What is the flow rate between the dam in
cubic feet per day if the structure is 1000
m wide?
3m
7.5m
25m
12m
3m
7.5m
25m
12m
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
sand w w
1000 ,
sec
02 . 0 , 3 , 5 . 7 :
2 1
= = = =
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
d
w w
sand w w
5 . 0
9
5 . 4
5 . 4 3 5 . 7
:
: 1
1000 ,
sec
02 . 0 , 3 , 5 . 7 :
2 1
2 1
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
m h H H
m h H H
m h H H
Step
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
w C
w B
w A
d
w w
sand w w
45 . 4 5 . 0 1 . 6 5 . 7 1 . 6
9 . 3 5 . 0 2 . 7 5 . 7 2 . 7
65 . 6 5 . 0 7 . 1 5 . 7 7 . 1
:
: 2
5 . 0
9
5 . 4
5 . 4 3 5 . 7
:
: 1
1000 ,
sec
02 . 0 , 3 , 5 . 7 :
1
1
1
2 1
2 1
= = A =
= = A =
= = A =
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
N
H k q
Step
m h H H
m h H H
m h H H
Step
m
N
H
h
m H H H
Step
m width
cm
k m H m H Given
d
f
w C
w B
w A
d
w w
sand w w
3
1
1
1
2 1
2 1
34560 1000
9
4
5 . 4
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
02 . 0
:
: 3
45 . 4 5 . 0 1 . 6 5 . 7 1 . 6
9 . 3 5 . 0 2 . 7 5 . 7 2 . 7
65 . 6 5 . 0 7 . 1 5 . 7 7 . 1
:
: 2
5 . 0
9
5 . 4
5 . 4 3 5 . 7
:
: 1
1000 ,
sec
02 . 0 , 3 , 5 . 7 :
=

= A =
= = A =
= = A =
= = A =
= =
A
= A
= = = A
= = = =
Seepage through an Earth Dam on
Impervious Base
Das,B.M. Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 6
th
Ed. Thomson, pp. 215-216
Alam Singh Modern Geotechnical Engineering , third edition, CBS Publishers &
Distributors PVT. Ltd.
C. Venkatramaiah Geotechnical Engineering, revised third edition, New Age
International Publishers
Dr. K.R. Arora Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Standard
Publishers Distributors

) sin )( tan ( = o o width L k q
soil
( ) ( ) ( )
=
o o o
2
2
2
2
sin cos cos
w
H d d
L
For the earth dam shown below,
using a flow net:

What is the piezometric head at
point A, B, and C?
What is the flow rate through
the dam in cubic meter per day
if the dam is 600 m wide?
using a flow net:

point a, B, and C?

10m 12m 10m
3m
10m
using a flow net:

point a, B, and C?

10m 12m 10m
3m
10m
m h m d m d m d
cm
k m width m H Given
dam
soil w
13 3 10 , 10 , 12 , 10
,
sec
00004 . 0 , 500 , 10 :
3 2 1
= + = = = =
= = =
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
m
H d d
L
m d
m
H
d
h
dam the exist will water the where e Deter
Step
m h m d m d m d
cm
k m width m H Given
w
w dam
dam
soil w
8 . 1
1 . 52 sin
10
1 . 52 cos
58 . 26
1 . 52 cos
58 . 26
sin cos cos
58 . 26 ) 3 . 0 ( 10 12 10
75 . 7
29 . 1
10
tan
, 1 . 52
10
13
tan tan
: min
: 1
13 3 10 , 10 , 12 , 10
,
sec
00004 . 0 , 500 , 10 :
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
3 2 1
=
=
= A A + + =
= =
= A = |
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= + = = = =
= = =

o o o
o
o
m H C po at head c Piezometri
m h H H B po at head c Piezometri
m h H H A po at head c Piezometri
head c Piezometri
Step
C
B
A
0 : int
4 . 2 71 . 0 7 . 10 10 7 . 10 : int
29 . 9 71 . 0 0 . 1 10 0 . 1 : int
:
: 2
=
= = A A =
= = A A =
day
m
day cm
m cm
width L k q
dam the through rate f low the e er to method Second
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
N
H k q
Step
soil
d
f
3
3
5 . 31 1 . 52 sin 1 . 52 tan 500 8 . 1
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
00004 . 0 ) sin )( tan (
: min det
) 2 (
37 500
14
3
10
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
00004 . 0
:
) 1 (
: 3
=

= =
=

= A =
o o
23m
23m 30m
6m
6m
18m
Draw a flow net in the earth dam
shown below. Compute the quantity
of flow in cubic meter per day
through the dam using two
methods.
What is the head at point A & B?
23m
23m 30m
6m
6m
18m
m h m L m L m L m h
cm
k m H m H Given
dam
soil w w
24 6 18 , 23 , 30 , 23 , 6
,
sec
00007 . 0 , 6 , 18 :
3 2 1
2 1
= + = = = = =
= = =
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
m
H H d d
L
m x L x d
m
H h
x
m
H
L
h
dam the exist will water the where e Deter
Step
m h m L m L m L m h
cm
k m H m H Given
w w
w dam
w dam
dam
soil w w
9 . 1
8 . 43 sin
6 18
8 . 43 cos
7 . 56
8 . 43 cos
7 . 56
sin cos cos
7 . 56 ) 5 . 12 3 . 0 5 . 12 ( 7 . 17 30 7 . 17 ) 3 . 0 (
7 . 17
8 . 43 tan
6 24
8 . 43 tan
5 . 12
96 . 0
6 18
8 . 43 tan
, 8 . 43
23
24
tan tan
: min
: 1
24 6 18 , 23 , 30 , 23 , 6
,
sec
00007 . 0 , 6 , 18 :
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
3 2 1
2 1
=
=
= + + = A A + + =
=
=
=
= A = |
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= + = = = = =
= = =

o o o
o
m
N
H
h m H H H
Step
d
w w
6 . 0
20
12
, 12 6 18
:
: 2
2 1
= =
A
= A = = = A
m H
m h H H
head c Piezometri
Step
m
N
H
h m H H H
Step
B
A
d
w w
0
84 . 9 6 . 0 9 . 2 12 6 . 3
:
: 3
6 . 0
20
12
, 12 6 18
:
: 2
2 1
=
= = A A =
= =
A
= A = = = A
day
m
day cm
m cm
width L k q
dam the through f low calculate to methods Second
day
m
day cm
m cm
width
N
N
H k q
m width
Step
soil
d
f
soil
3
3
08 . 0 8 . 43 sin 8 . 43 tan 1 9 . 1
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
00007 . 0 ) sin )( tan (
:
) 2 (
11 . 0 1
20
3
12
sec 24 60 60
100 sec
00007 . 0
1
:
) 1 (
: 4
=

= =
=

= A =
=
o o
Thank you.

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