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Chapter 34
Hormones
A hormone is a chemical signal that is secreted into the circulatory system and communicates regulatory messages within the body. Hormones may reach all parts of the body, but only certain types of cells, target cells, are equipped to respond.
Hormones
Glands
Obtain raw materials from and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine glands have ducts for discharging secretions onto a free surface.
Hormones
Hormones convey information via the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body. Pheromones carry messages outside the body to other individuals.
Hormones
Hormones
Hormones
The hypothalamus regulates the neuroendocrine system, maintaining homeostasis in the body.
The hypothalamus can use motor nerves to send short-lived electrical messages or hormones to send chemical messages with a longer duration.
The hypothalamus produces seven different releasing hormones that travel to the pituitary gland. Each releasing hormone stimulates the pituitary to release a corresponding hormone which travels to an endocrine gland and causes it to start producing a particular endocrine hormone.
Membrane-Bound Receptors
Many hormones are too large, or too polar, to pass through plasma membranes.
Bind to transmembrane proteins that act as receptor sites on target cell membranes.
cAMP
Nuclear Receptors
Steroid hormones are lipid soluble molecules that bind to hormone receptors in the cytoplasm of the target cell.
Nuclear Receptors
Thyroid hormones and insect-molting hormone (ecdysone) also act through nuclear receptors.
Binds to transmembrane protein that uses ATP to move it into the cell.
A common feature of control pathways is a feedback loop connecting the response to the initial stimulus. Negative feedback regulates many hormonal pathways involved in homeostasis.
The Pituitary
The pituitary gland is located below the hypothalamus. Nine major hormones are produced here. These hormones act primarily to influence other endocrine glands.
The Pituitary
The posterior lobe of the pituitary regulates water conservation, milk letdown, and uterine contraction in women. The anterior lobe regulates the other endocrine glands.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine which stimulates oxidative respiration. Luteinizing hormone (LH) plays an important role in the menstrual cycle. It also stimulates the production of testosterone in males.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the kidneys retention of water. Oxytocin initiates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk release in mothers. These hormones are actually synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.
Biological Clocks
Evolved from a light sensitive third eye. Primitive fish & some reptiles still have a third eye.
Anterior Pituitary
HORMON
INI BEKERJA PD TULANG, OTOT, KULIT & BEKERJANYA Hormon Pertumbuhan (GH) : Menstimulasi pertumbuhan pada otot dan tulang SANGAT TERBATAS PRIA LHR - 21 THN PERTMBUHAN DRASTIS 13-16 THN PD WANITA LHR - 18 THN PERTUMBUHAN DRASTIS 9-12 THN
PD
GH SANGAT DIPENGARUHI KADAR GLUKOSA DLM DRH BILA SELESAI MAKAN KADAR GULA DLM DARAH AKAN MENINGKAT, GH TDK BEKERJA BILA KADAR GULA DLM DARAH MENURUN, GH BEKERJA SECARA MAKSIMAL
BILA GH BEKERJA NORMAL TBH AKAN NORMAL BILA HIPERSEKRESI MANUSIA RAKSASA (GIANT) BILA HIPOSEKRESI MANUSIA KERDIL/CEBOL
Prolactin : menstimulasi produksi air susu Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) : Pada reptil dan Amphibi, Hormon ini menstimulasi perubahan warna pada kulit
Biological Clocks
In other vertebrates it functions as an endocrine gland secreting melatonin. Melatonin controls color change in amphibians & reptiles. Release of melatonin is controlled by light/dark cycles. The primary functions of melatonin appear to be related to biological rhythms associated with reproduction.
The Thyroid
Thyroxine increases metabolic rate and promotes growth. Two iodine-containing hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Calcitonin stimulates calcium uptake by bones.
The Thyroid
The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary control the secretion of thyroid hormones through two negative feedback loops.
The Thyroid
The thyroid hormones play crucial roles in stimulating metabolism and influencing development and maturation.
The Parathyroids
The parathyroid glands are four small glands attached to the thyroid. The hormone they produce is parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates the level of calcium in the blood. Essential that calcium is kept within narrow limits for muscle contraction, including the heart.
Calcium Homeostasis
Two antagonistic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin, play the major role in calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis in mammals.
Calcium Homeostasis
Calcitonin, secreted by the thyroid gland, stimulates Ca2+ deposition in the bones and secretion by the kidneys, thus lowering blood Ca2+ levels. PTH, secreted by the parathyroid glands, has the opposite effects on the bones and kidneys, and raises Ca2+ levels.
Also has an indirect effect, stimulating the kidneys to activate vitamin D, which promotes intestinal uptake of Ca2+ from food.
The Adrenals
Adrenal medulla is the inner core which produces adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine. Adrenal cortex is the outer shell that produces the steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone.
Adrenal Medulla
The adrenal medulla releases adrenalin (epinephrine) and norepinephrine in times of stress.
Identical to the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, but longer lasting.
Accelerated heartbeat, increased blood pressure, higher levels of blood sugar and increased blood flow to heart and lungs.
Adrenal Cortex
Reduces inflammation.
Adrenal Cortex
The adrenal cortex also produces aldosterone. Aldosterone acts in the kidney to promote the uptake of sodium & other salts from the urine.
Aldosterone and PTH are the only two hormones essential for survival.
The Pancreas
The pancreas is located behind the stomach and is connected to the small intestine by a small tube. It secretes digestive enzymes into the digestive tract (exocrine function). Endocrine function production of insulin and glucagon.
Glucose Homeostasis
Insulin removes glucose from the blood. Glucagon returns glucose to the blood.