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Presentation Outline.
Gross Morphology. The cerebellum: Functional classification. Afferents to the cerebellum. The cerebellar penducles. Efferent from the cerebellum. Function of the cerebellum. Diseases of the cerebellum.
A) GROSS MORPHOLOGY
The cerebellum is the largest part of the hind brain, and the second largerst part of the brain as a whole. It is situated in the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, the cerebellum is separated from the overlying cerebrum by Tentorium cerebelli which is a transverse fold of dura matter, that stretches over the upper surface of the cerebellum. It is related laterally to the sigmoid sinus and mastoid atrum and mastoid air cells.
CONT.....
The cerebellum consists of two hemisphere and a central constricted area called the vermis. The Falx cerebelli is the portion of the meninges that partially extends btw the hemispheres.
Inferiorly the vermis is clearly seperated from the two cerebellar hemispheres and lies at the bottom of a deep groove btw them called Vallecula .
CONT......
Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum has a thin outer layer of gray matter, the Cerebellar cortex, and a thick, deeper layer of white matter that many nuclei are inside it. It is convulated on the surface into series of parallel folds called Folia.
The tracts of white matter within the cerebellum have a a distinctive branching pattern called the Arbo Vitae.
The cerebellum has ant. notch which is very wide and is related to the midbrain, pons and medulla whereas the post. notch is occupied by the falx cerebelli.
B) THE CEREBELLUM
The cerebellum is divided according to 3 different ways: 1) Anatomically: Vermis and 2 laterall cerebellar hemispheres. 2) By fissures: lobes and lobules. 3) Functionally: Vestibular part. Spinal part. Cerebral part.
Division by fissures
The true division of the cerebellum is not into a median vermis and 2 cerebellar hemispheres, but into lobes and lobules. Deep transverse fissures divide the cerebelllum into different lobes and lobules. The fissures cut the vermis (transversely) and extend laterally into the hemespheres. Therefore, each lobe has a median part(vermis) and a pair of lateral extensions (in the hemesphere).
cont....
Postero~lateral fissure separates the Flucculo~nodular lobe from the main part of the cerebellum. Primary fissure which is the most important one, divides the main part of the cerebellum into Anterior and Posterior.
Horizontal fissure runs through the posterior lope.
Funcational Division.
1) Vestibular part: (Archi-cerebellum or cerebellum of equilibrium) It is formed from the flocculo-nodule lobe which consists of two flocculi and the nodule of the vermis. It recieves fibers from the internal ear, namely from the: -- 3 semicircular canals. -- the utricle. -- the saccule. By means of the vestibulo-cerebellar tractsl ( direct and indirect).
cont..
2) Spinal part: ( Paleo-cererbellum or cerebellum of proprioception) It is formed from the vermis of the anterior lobe, the uvula and pyramid. It recieves fibres from the muscels land associated structures ,namely the : -- Muscle spindles. -- Tendon spinles. -- Pacinian corpuscles. By means of the spinocerebellar tracts ( dorsal and ventral) also by the D and V external arcuate fibres.
cont......
3) Cererbal part: ( Neo-cerebellum or cerebellum of the Cerebral cortex)
This is the largest part of the cerebellum and it is formed of the two cerebellar hemespheres and the middle part of the vermis. It receives impluses from the pontine nuclei which recieve impluses from the cerebral cortex.
CEREBRO-PONTOCEREBELLAR PATHWAY
CEREBRAL CORTEX
CEREBRO-PALLIDO-OLIVOCEREBELLAR PATHWAY
FLOCCULO-NODUL LOBE
D. Spino-cerebellar Tract FROM THE MUSCLES V. Spino-cerebellar Tract D. and V. ext. arcuate fibres
FLOCCULO-NODUL LOBE
NB:
All afferents mentioned above except the ventral spino-cerebellar tract-- pass through the inferior cerebellar peduncle. The ventral spinocerebellar tract enters the cerebellum via the sup. Cerebellar peduncle.
CEREBELLAR PENDUCLES
Three paired bundles of nerve fibres called CEREBELLAR PENDUCLES support the cerebellum and provide it with tracts for communicating with the rest of the brain.
Superior cerebellar penducles: connects with the midbrain. Middle cerebellar penducles: related to the pons. Inferior cerebellar penducles: connect with the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord.
PONTO-CEREBELLAR
PONTIN E NUCLEI
NEO-CEREBELLUM
T-P-O-PONTINE T.
CONT......
2) CEREBRO-POLLIDO-OLIVO-CEREBELLAR PATHWAY
OLIVOCEREBRA L CORTEX GLOBUS PALLIDUS INF. OLIVE TO ALL PARTS OF CEREBELLUM
CEREBELLAR
The ponto-cerebellar fibres pass through the middle cerebellar peduncle while the olivo-cerebellar fibres pass through the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Most of the impluses to the inferior olive come from the globus pallidus.
Cont...
Efferents from the cerebellar nuclei reach different nuclei in the brain stem and the thalamus as follows:
1. Efferents from the dentate and interpositus go to: -- lateral Ventral Nucleus of the Thalamus. -- Red nucleus in the midbrain.
2. Efferent from the fastigial nucleus go to: -- The vestibular nuclei. -- The inferior olive. -- The reticular formation
What happens to the impluses which leave the cerebullar nuclei and reach the brain stem and the thalamus?.
Cont....
By knowing the state of tone in the muscles and the orders from the motor aea for these muscles to contract, the cerebelllum can correct any mistake that may occur during the muscle activity.