Why is this needle floating?

Intermolecular Forces: (inter = between) between molecules and the temperature (kinetic energy) of the molecules.

What determines if a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas?

Gases: The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is much larger than the average energy of the attractions between them. Liquids: the intermolecular attractive forces are strong enough to hold the molecules close together, but without much order.

Solids: the intermolecular attractive forces are strong enough to lock molecules in place (high order). Are they temperature dependent?
4

The strengths of intermolecular forces are generally weaker than either ionic or covalent bonds.

16 kJ/mol (to separate molecules)

431 kJ/mol (to break bond)

Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):

Dipole-dipole forces: (polar molecules)
+

S .. O : O ..

..

dipole-dipole attraction

S .. O : O ..

..

What effect does this attraction have on the boiling point?

6

Polar molecules have dipole-dipole attractions for one another.

+HCl----- +HCl-

dipole-dipole attraction
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Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):

Hydrogen bonding: cases of very strong dipole-dipole interaction (bonds involving H-F, H-O, and H-N are most important cases).
+H-F-

--- +H-F-

Hydrogen bonding
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Hydrogen bonding is a weak to moderate attractive force that exists between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very small and highly electronegative atom and a lone pair of electrons on another small, electronegative atom (F, O, or N).

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Boiling points versus molecular mass 100

-100

Predict a trend for: NH3, PH3, AsH3, and SbH3

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Predict a trend for: NH3, PH3, AsH3, and SbH3

0
Boiling Pt (Celcius)

-20 -40 -60 -80 -100

0
NH3

50

100

SbH3

150

AsH3

PH3

Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Now lets look at HF, HCl, HBr, and HI

Boiling Pt (Celcius)

40 20 0 -20 0 NH3 -40 -60 -80 -100

HF
SbH3 HI HBr

50
AsH3 HCl PH3

100

150

Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):

London dispersion forces: (instantaneous dipole moment) ( also referred to as van der Waals forces) attraction

electrons are shifted to overload one side of an atom or molecule.

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polarizability: the ease with which an atom or molecule can be distorted to have an instantaneous dipole. squashiness

In general big molecules are more easily polarized than little ones.

little

Big and squashy

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Halogen F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

Boiling Pt (K) 85.1 238.6 332.0 457.6

Noble Gas Boiling Pt (K) He Ne Ar Kr 4.6 27.3 87.5 120.9

Which one(s) of the above are most polarizable? Hint: look at the relative sizes.
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Other types of forces holding solids together: ionic: charged ions stuck together by their charges

There are no individual molecules here.

18

Metallic bonding: sea of electrons Copper wire: What keeps the atoms together?

Cu atoms

an outer shell electron To which nucleus does the electron belong?

19

Metallic Bonding: sea of e-s

20

Covalent Network: (diamonds, quartz) very strong. 1.42 1.54 3.35

What type of hybridization is present in each?

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Name

type of solid

Force(s)

Melting Pt. (oC) -249 -86 0 -39 3410 645 2800 1610 3550

Boiling Pt. (oC) -246 -61 100 357 5660 1290 3600 2230 4827
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Ne H2S H2O Mercury W CsCl MgO Quartz (SiO2) Diamond (C)

molecular molecular molecular metallic metallic ionic ionic covalent network covalent network

Pentane isomers: C5H12 neo-pentane

n-pentane

iso-pentane

Hvap=25.8 kJ/mol Hvap=24.7 kJ/mol Hvap=22.8 kJ/mol All three have the same formula C5H12 Why do they have different enthalpies of vaporization?

London and Tangling

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C-C-C-C C iso-pentane Hvap=24.7 kJ/mol

C C-C-C C neo-pentane

Hvap=22.8 kJ/mol

n-pentane
Hvap=25.8 kJ/mol London and Tangling

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Structure effects on boiling points

26

Ion-dipole interactions: such as a salt dissolved in water

cation

polar molecule

anion

27

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Phase changes: solid liquid (melting freezing) liquid gas (vaporizing condensing) solid gas (sublimation deposition)

29

Energy changes accompanying phase changes

30

Heating curve for 1 gram of water

31

Heating curve for 1 gram of water Specific Ht. Steam = 1.84 J/gK Hvap=2260 J/g

Specific Heat of water = 4.184 J/gK

Hfus=334 J/g
Specific Heat of ice = 2.09 J/gK
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Calculate the enthalpy change upon converting 1 mole of water from ice at -12oC to steam at 115oC.

solid -12oC H1

solid 0oC + H2

liquid 0oC + H3

liquid 100oC + H4

gas 100oC +

gas 115oC
H5 = Htotal

Sp. Ht. + Hfusion + Sp. Ht. + HVaporization + Sp. Ht. = Htotal Specific Heat of ice = 2.09 J/gK

Hfus=334 J/g
Specific Heat of water = 4.184 J/gK Specific Ht. Steam = 1.84 J/gK

Hvap=2260 J/g
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Calculate the enthalpy change upon converting 1 mole of water from ice at -12oC to steam at 115oC.

solid -12oC H1

solid 0oC + H2

liquid 0oC + H3

liquid 100oC + H4

gas 100oc +

gas 115oc
H5 = Htotal

Sp. Ht. + Hfusion + Sp. Ht. + HVaporization + Sp. Ht. = Htotal Specific Heat of ice = 2.09 J/gK

Hfus=334 J/g
Specific Heat of water = 4.184 J/gK Specific Ht. Steam = 1.84 J/gK

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Vapor pressure

35

VAPOR PRESSURE CURVES

A liquid boils when its vapor pressure =s the external pressure.

36

normal boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid boils under one atm of pressure. pressure = 1 atm

vapor pressure = 1 atm

liquid BOILING
37

PHASE DIAGRAMS: (Temperature vs. Pressure)

gas and liquid are indistinguishable. critical temperature and critical pressure

(all 3 phases exists here)

38

H2 O

CO2

note slope with pressure note slope with pressure

39

Crystal Structures:

40

unit cells:
contains 1 atom contains 2 atoms

41

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