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STRUCTURE
Centre: Viceroys council, and legislative council Provinces: Governors council, and legislative council Towns: councils Army, Judiciary, Civil services and Police.
ACT OF 1909: Separate electorates for Muslims ACT OF 1919: Dyarchy and separate electorates for Anglo Indians and Christians ACT OF 1935: Federation of India.
POLITICS OF PARTITION
1919-1947
M K GANDHI
M K GANDHI
Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi was born in 1869 into a bania (merchant trader) family in a princely state of Porbandar, Gujarat. He went to England to complete his law degree and then went to South Africa in 1893. He worked in Natal for nearly 20 years on behalf of Indian community against racist policies of white rulers.
GANDHIAN POLITICS
He returned to India in 1915 and travelled to different areas assessing the political situation and understanding various strands of Indian unrest.
SATYAGRAHA*
Lit. translationTHE QUEST FOR TRUTH. MASS POLITICAL ACTIVITYthrough nonviolent methods Gandhi mobilized three localities with different demands in 1917-1918. SATYAGRAHA IN KHEDA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 1917: No revenue demand by the peasansts.
SATYAGRAHA
SATYAGRAHA IN AHMEDABAD: Gandhi intervened in an internal conflict between Gujarat mill owners and their workers. SATYAGRAHA IN CAMPARAN: Gandhi instituted an open enquiry in July 1917, and gave an All India publicity to the grievances of Champaran indigo cultivators and the landless plantation labour.
DYARCHY
The principle of dyarchy was introduced in which the central Legislative Assembly and Provincial Assemblies were responsible for different areas of sovereignty. Education, health, agriculture, and local self government were made the responsibility of provincial legislative, while income tax, law and order, communications, foreign affairs and military matters were reserved for the central authority.
ROWLATT ACT
Gandhi called for a mass protest movement relying on political networks like PanIslamicist groups who were concerned about the fate of Caliph in the declining Ottoman Empire, and his own Satyagraha sabha which he had started in Bombay in February, 1919. The resentment was fuelled by brutal provocation and repression by the state authorities ,especially, in Punjab.
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
The regional and class variations of unrest in this period reflected a variety of local concerns that fuelled the sense of mass agitation. CHAURI-CHAURA INCIDENT,GORAKHPUR, UINTED PROVINCE, 1922: The agitators killed 22 policemen and injured several. Gandhi called off the non-cooperation movement after this incident.
NON-CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT
After 1922, as active non-cooperation moved into a quiescent phase, a number of prominent Congress politicians, among them C R Das and Motilal Nehru formed a new party and successfully contested the elections of reformed assemblies. Simultaneously, with Gandhis encouragement, the khadi movement, through All India Spinners Association took on organizational form.
GANDHIAN POLITICS
GANDHIAN POLITICS
Gandhi also began to develop a program for women. When he asked women to join the political movement, he equated it with the restoration of the rule of Rama and that would come only, when women emulating the faithful and brave Sita would united fight alongside their men against this immoral ruler.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
At the height of all-India agitation, Gandhi once again chose to hold back and settle for moderate concessions from the British. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of March 1931 was based on vague principles: federation (central and provinces), Indian responsibility, and safeguards for minority populations.
ACT OF 1935
The Act can be seen as a possible prelude to the British finally agreeing to concede power to the Indians at the centre, based on electoral showings in the provinces. Both the Congress and the Muslim league contested the elections in 1936 and Congress won elections in 7 out 11 provinces.
M A JINNAH
Jinnahs opportunity to stake a claim for All India Muslims not only at the centre but at the provincial level came through the needs of Muslims in Indias Muslim minority provinces especially United Provinces (UP).
M A JINNAH
In UP, where the Muslim League won all 29 seats reserved for the Muslims, the Congress refused to form any coalition with them. Congress saw itself as representing all Indians.
OTHER LEADERS
JAWARHARLAL NEHRU SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE NETAJI B R AMBEDKAR
SIMLA CONFERENCE
The conference broke down on the insistence of Jinnah that his party should have an exclusive right to nominate Muslim members of the Viceroys Executive Council. This was something which the Congress could not concede without repudiating its national composition.
THE DEADLOCK
1946, that the British Government was still working "in the spirit of the Cripps Offer of 1942" and intended to convene a constitutionmaking body. Elections to the central and provincial legislatures, were announced.
1946 ELECTIONS
Muslim League win was most spectacular and it won all the seats to the Central Legislative Assembly and 75% vote of the Muslim caste vote in the provincial assemblies. Still, the League had to form coalitions to form ministries. Only Bengal had a league ministry. In Punjab had a coalition under congress and Akali (Sikh).
1946 ELECTIONS
Northwestern Province had a Congress ministry. Congress entered the coalition politics of the Muslim majority provinces and so remained a constraint for Jinnahs claim to parity at the centre.
CABINET MISSION
Jinnah interpreted the scheme to be a defacto recognition of his Pakistan Demand: the groups would have constituent assemblies of their own; the constitution of the federal central could eventually be designed to be a mere agency with executive and not legislative powers. The Congress also was amenable to the scheme.
ROAD TO PARTITON
By early 1947, with increasing violence and armed mutinies Londons priority was to leave India as soon as possible. Clement Atllee, the New Labour minister announced that British would depart from India by June 30th 1948 (Feb 20th 1947)..
ROAD TO PARTTION
On March 8, Nehru spoke for the Congress and called for the partition of Punjab and Bengal. In March Wavell left for London and Lord Montabatten arrived as Britains final viceroy.
PARTITION OF INDIA
June 2 1947, Mountbatten announced his Partition plan - moth eaten Pakistna made up of only the Muslim majority districts of Punjab and Bengal. The Mountbatten Plan, as the 3rd June, 1947 Plan came to be known, sought to effect an early transfer of power to India and Pakistan.
NEHRUS SPEECH
Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom....
PARTITION
12 to 14 million people were caught up in the process of mass migration; over one million were killed in violent encounters, and an estimated 75,000 women were abducted and subjected to sexual violence.