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SHIBA SHANKAR
ACHARYA
ROLL NO-08GG4012
INTRODUCTION
Ø Fabric is the mutual arrangement and orientation
of the fabric elements .
Ø Fabric elements of a sedimentary rock may be a
single crystal or sand grain, a shell or any other
component.
Ø The particles are originally deposited in a
gravitationally stable framework.
The above assumption has two complications.
1.Not true for fine particles.
2.liquefaction.
TYPES OF FABRIC
BASED ON ORIENTATION OF FABRIC ELEMENTS
A-axes transverse to
flow with b-axes
imbricate
a(t)b(i .
a(p)a(i)
3.CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC=fabric shown by alignment of the
crystallographic direction.
(e.g. c-axes of quartz grains.)
C Of quartz grains
axes
BASED ON GENESIS OF FABRIC
Ø DEFORMATION=Produced by external stress on the
rock and results from a rotation or movement of
the constituent elements under stress or the
growth of the new elements in common orientation
in the stress field.
FABRIC
POROSITY
ØThe porosity of rock is its property of
containing open spaces and can be
expressed as the ratio of the total volume of
its pore spaces to its total bulk rock volume.
Computer microtomograhy image showing the porosity of a
sandstone
Shale. sandstone
Ø Absolute porosity
=bulk volume-solid volume x 100
bulk volume
Ø Effective porosity
=interconnected pore volume x 100
bulk volume
porosity.
This figure shows the relationship between sorting and porosity for
clay-free sands.
porosity seems to be a
function of depth of burial,
according to the expression
P=p[e x e x e…..y times]
Where p=average porosity of
surface clays.
y=a x d
a=constant
Importance of porosity
Ø Especially it allows us to make estimations of
the amount of fluid that can be contained in a
rock (water, oil, spilled contaminants, etc.).
ØEffective porosity is a
measure of permeability of a
rock.
SECONDARY POROSITY can be recognized by
vPartially dissolved grains.
vUndissolved clay rims around finer grains
vOversized pores i.e. large pores of the sizes &
shape of grains.
Methods of determining porosity
ü A common one is to measure the quantity of
water required to saturate a known volume of
the dry material.
ü Another is to compare the specific gravity of a
dry sample with that of a saturated sample of
the same material.
PERMEABILITY
Ø Permeability is the property of a rock which allows the
passage of fluids without impairment of its structure or
displacement of its parts.
Ø A rock is said to be permeable if it permits an appreciable
quantity of fluids to pass through it in a given time .
Ø If the rate of passage is negligible the rock is said to be
impermeable.
More precisely, permeability (k) is an empirically-derived
parameter in D’Arcy’s Law, a Law that predicts the discharge
1 darcy is the
of fluid through a granular material.
permeability that allows
a fluid with 1 centipoise
viscosity to flow at a rate
of 1 cm/s under a
pressure gradient of 1
Ø k is proportional to all sediment properties that
influence the flow of fluid through any granular
material.
ØTwo major factors controls the permeability
of a rock.
1. The diameter of the pathways through which the
fluid moves. of the path ways . (tortuosity)
2. Complexity
2.POROSITY
p
o Decreasing
r permeability
o
s The larger and more
i abundant the pore
t spaces the greater the
y
permeability.
permeability
3.GRAIN SIZE
Unlike porosity, permeability increases with grain size.
ØA ten-fold increase in
grain size yields a
hundred-fold increase
in permeability.
4.SORTING
The better sorted a
sediment is the greater its
permeability.
5.DEPTH OF BURIAL
Like porosity, permeability is changed following burial of a
sediment.
In this
example
D
E
P
permeability T
H
O
is reduced by F
two orders of
B
U
R
magnitude I
A
L
with 3 km of
PERMEABILITY
Permeability is not necessarily isotropic .
Permeability changes its value with direction.
This is illustrated in the following figures.
graded
bedding
fracture
s
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