Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Role in memory, learning and social interaction Paul Broca: limbic means border; border between hypothalamus and cerebral cortex
Originally, the limbic lobe was assigned was assigned a purely olfactory function It has been established that only a minor part of the limbic lobe has an olfactory function The rest of the limbic lobe, which forms part of the limbic system, plays a role in emotional behavior and memory
structures related to it
Nucleus accumbens Nuclei of hypothalamus (related to mammillary body) Amygdaloid complex Substantia innominata Anterior and dorsomedial thalamus Habenular nuclei Ventral tegmental area Periaqueductal gray Prefrontal cortex
Limbic System
1. Emotional behavior 2. Memory 3. Integration of homeostatic responses such as those related to preservation of the species, securing food, and the fight or flight response 4. Sexual behavior 5. Motivation - The underlying mechanism for these different
Mammillothalamic tract
Medial mammillary nucleus
Paleocortex/paleopallidum/periallocortex : 3 to 5 layers
Parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex), Uncus (piriform cortex), Lateral olfactory stria (gyrus)
Papez Circuit
Emotion mediated through hypothalamus is controlled and modulated by fibers from fornix Cortical control of emotional activity originate from cingulate and hippocampus Circuit ends in the cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus fornix mammillary bodies anterior thalamic nucleus cingulate gyrus hippocampus
Areas of cerebral cortex recruited through connections of the cingulate gyrus Reciprocal connections with premotor, prefrontal areas, visual/auditory/somatosensory association cortices
Areas of cerebral cortex recruited through connections of cingulate gyrus Reciprocalconnections with premotor, prefrontal areas, visual/auditory/somatosensory association cortices
Neural circuit for emotion proposed by James Papez and extended by Paul MacLean
Hippocampal Development
Dorsal to the corpus callosum early in brain development Pulled down into the temporal lobe Forms by infolding of cortex, dentate & subiculum fuse
Hippocampal Development
Remnants of hippocampal formation remaining dorsal to corpus callosum
Medial and lateral longitudinal striae Indusium griseum (gray matter)
Hippocampal Formation
1. Hippocampus- largest 2. Dentate gyrus: interval between the hippocampus & subiculum 3. Subiculum- in direct continuity with the hippocampus
DENTATE GYRUS toothed or beaded surface -- occupies the interval between the hippocampus and the subiculum part of the parahippocampus SUBICULUM PART OF THE PARAHIPPOCAMPUS direct continuation of the hippocampus
The Hippocampus
3 layers Molecular
Axons and dendrites
Pyramidal
Cells are principal neurons Axons are only outflow tract, forming alveus and fimbria (fuse to become fornix)
Dentate Gyrus
3 layers
Molecular- continuous with the hippocampus Granular
Small densely packed granule cells Axon forms the mossy fiber system which links the dentate gyrus and the hippocampus
Polymorphic Pyramidal and basket cells Unlike the hippocampus, the output of the dentate gyrus does not leave the hippocampal formation
Hippocampus: Subiculum
Transitional area 3 layers
Molecular Pyramidal
Axons contribute to output of hippocampal formation
Polymorphic
Parts
Prosubiculum Subiculum proper Presubiculum parasubiculum
The Hippocampus
4 fields
Cornu Ammonis (CA) 1/ Sommers sector/ vulnerable sector
Largest; between hippocampus and subiculum Pyramidal neurons sensitive to anoxia and ischemia TLE trigger
Cornu Ammonis (CA) 2 Cornu Ammonis (CA) 3 Cornu Ammonis (CA) 4/ Bratz sector
Between hippocampus and dentate Medium vulnerability to hypoxia
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Major input to hippocampus Gateway between cerebral cortex and hippocampus
2 routes Perforant Pathway
Main input Travels through subicular area
Alvear Pathway
Via ventricular surface, where alveus is formed
Hippocampal Circuit
Limbic association areas Entorhinal cortex
Fimbria
Outflow of Hippocampus
Cells of Subiculum and Pyramidal cells of hippocampus
Axons enter alveus
Outflow of Hippocampus
Fornix divides at level of anterior commissure
Postcommissural
Fibers from subiculum
Medial mammillary nucleus (majority) Anterior nucleus of the dorsal thalamus Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
Precommissural
Fibers from hippocampus
Septal nuclei Medial areas of frontal cortex Preoptic and anterior nuclei of hypothalamus Nucleus accumbens
Schema of Fornix
A temporary depository for long term memory. Ultimately, transfers the learned information to the other areas, the cerebral
cortex. The key components of the medial temporal lobe important for memory storage can be
seen in the medial (left) and ventral (right) surface of the cerebral hemisphere
The Hippocampus
The Hippocampus
Functions as a waystation for the long term memory or a facilitation system that is essential for the storage of memory elsewhere in the brain.
Perforant pathway Parahippocampal cortex Unimodal and polymodal Association areas (frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes) Entorhinal Cortex Perirhinal cortex
Dentate gyrus
Mossy Fiber pathway Schaffer collateral pathway Hippocampus CA1
Hippocampus CA3
Subiculum
HIPPOCAMPUS
Efferent Pathway
ENTORHINAL AREA LIMBIC SENSORY SPECIFIC and MULTIMODAL ASSOCIATION CORTICES
POSTCOMISSURAL FORNIX **major component
FORNIX
SUBICULUM
PRECOMISSURAL FORNIX
MAMILLARY BODY
SEPTAL NUCLEI
MEDIAL FRONTAL CORTEX HYPOTHALAMUS
VENTRAL STRIATUM
Axons of pyramidal neurons in the subiculum and hippocampus which gather at the ventricular surface of the hippocampus as ALVEUS FIMBRIAE (flattened ribbon of white matter)
BODY OF THE FORNIX (attached to the inferior surface of the septum pellucidum) ANTERIOR COLUMNS (flattened ribbon of white matter) MAMILLARY BODIES 75% ANTERIOR NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS REST
Amygdala almonds; located at the tip of the temporal lobe beneath the cortex of the uncus and rostral to the hippocampus and inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
Amygdaloid Nuclei
2 Main Groups
Corticomedial-central group :related to olfaction Basolateral group : Connections with cortical structures
pathway
Major efferent bundle From basolateral group and central nucleus hypothalamus, septal nuclei substantia innominata Diffuse cholinergic projection to cortex cortical activation Prefrontal/frontal, cingulate, insular & inferior temporal cortices
STRIA TERMINALIS Arises predominantly from the corticomedial group Supplies the septal nuclei Anterior,preoptic, ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus
VENTRAL AMYGDALOFUGAL originates from the basolateral and central amygdalar nuclei Projects to thalamus (DM nucleus) Prefrontal, entorhinal area, cingulate Nucleus basalis, septal area, hypothalamus
Septal nuclei
Habenular nuclei Habenulointerpeduncular tract Midbrain: Interpeduncular nuclei, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal gray
Septal Nuclei
Found adjacent to septum pellucidum Afferent pathways
Hippocampus Amygdaloid complex VTA of midbrain Hypothalamus
Septal Nuclei
Efferent pathways
Septohippocampal fibers (via fornix) hypothalamus Habenular nuclei Medial thalamic nuclei (stria medullaris thalami) VTA
Via medial forebrain bundle
Conveys inputs to hypothalamus then septal area Major conduit through which septal nuclei and portions of hypothalamus communicate with brainstem Dopamine containing fibers = pleasure
Nucleus Accumbens
Inputs
Amygdaloid complex (via ventral amygdalofugal pathway and stria terminalis) Hippocampal formation (through precommissural fornix) Bed nucleus of stria terminalis VTA (via medial forebrain bundle)
Outputs
Hypothalamus Brainstem nuclei Globus pallidus
Modulation of
Aggressive behavior Certain forms of learning and memory
In humans, published reports linking lesions, tumors, and epileptogenic activity of the hippocampal formation with aggressive reactions ( varied; hostility and explosive acts of physical violence)
MEMORY
Explicit
Knowing that
Conscious retrieval of information Supports the learning and retention of facts and the conscious recollection of prior events
MEMORY
Explicit
Knowing that
SHORT TERM MEMORY/ WORKING MEMORY memory of limited amount of information eg 7 digit phone number - decays in seconds if not refreshed continuously LONG TERM /REMOTE MEMORY memory that can be retrieved after delays EPISODIC (UNIQUE) memory of personally experienced facts and events SEMANTIC (GENERIC) memory of culturally and educationally acquired encyclopedic knowledge eg math, historical information etc
MEMORY
Implicit
Knowing how
Supports learning and retention of skills
Memory of experience-affected behaviors that are performed unconsciously
PROCEDURAL MEMORY repeated performance of motor act eg biking, enhances and automates future skill of the same act resistant to forgetting PRIMING short lived enhancement of perceptually based performance ff recent exposure to visually similar object
NMDA receptor
Mg2+
Glutamate
Calcium
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
If with gaze palsies and ataxia
Short-term memory
Ability to hold information in mind for periods of seconds to minutes once the present moment has passed
Working memory
Ability to hold things in mind long enough to carry out sequential actions
Long-term memory
Retention of information for days, weeks, years or even a lifetime
Remote memory
Recollection of facts and events that occurred years previously
FORGETTING
Understanding Memory
Removal of the medial temporal lobes left him with a devastating memory deficit; but:
. normal short-term memory . perfectly good long-term memory for events . perfectly good command of language . IQ of bright-normal. His main defect was the ability to transfer new short-term memory into long-term memory
66
Understanding Memory
Patients with bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions can perform tasks and other forms of simple reflexive learning, including habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
. tasks that have 2 things in common
tasks tend to be reflexive rather than reflective they do not require conscious awareness or complex cognitive processes.
67
Explicit memory ( declarative memory) factual knowledge of people, places and things and what these facts mean recalled by a deliberate conscious effort highly flexible and involves the association of bits and pieces of information.
68
Explicit (declarative)
Implicit (nondeclarative)
Facts
Events
Priming
Associative learning: Procedural (skills and habits) Classical and Operant conditioning
Emotional response
Skeletal musculature
Neocortex
Striatum
Amygdala
Cerebellum
Reflex pathway
69
Human Memory
(available to consciousness)
Declarative
Procedural
episodes
Daily
Words
Words
Motor Skills
Associations
Priming Cues
Semantic Memory
Our experience of knowledge as a seamless orderly and crossreferenced data base is the product of integration of multiple representations in the brain at many distinct anatomical sites. There is no general semantic memory; semantic memory is not stored in a single region.
72
Semantic Memory
Type of long-term memory that embraces knowledge of objects, facts and concepts, words and their meaning.
includes naming of objects, definition of spoken words and verbal fluency.
73
EPISODIC MEMORY
Episodic (autobiographical) knowledge involves the prefrontal cortex.
the areas of the neocortex for long-term storage of episodic knowledge are the association areas of the frontal lobe. Source amnesia forgetting how information was acquired.
74
2. Consolidation those processes that alter the newly stored and still labile information so as to make it stable for long-term storage.
involves the expression of genes and synthesis of new proteins leading to structural changes that store memory stably over time.
3. Storage refers to the mechanisms and sites by which memory is retained over time.
4. Retrieval refers to those processes that permit the recall and use of the stored information.
. most effective in the presence of some cues.
75
The initial encoding and ultimate recall of explicit knowledge are thought to require recruitment of stored information into a
WORKING MEMORY.
76
2.
3.
77
IMPLICIT MEMORY
1. 2. Does not depend on conscious processes Does not require a conscious search for memory
3.
4.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
If with gaze palsies and ataxia
Cingulate Gyrus
Bilateral lesions of anterior part
Akinetic mutism Immobile, mute, unresponsive Not in coma Memory affected