Current Transformer

About

Instrument transformers Too high current, measurement, protection ONLY AC currents No effect on main circuit Symbol

Theory of Operation
Ideal No different Produce Iac in sec. proportional to current measured in primary Reduce high currents(thousands) to lower value(5 or 1 amp) Convenient ,Monitoring actual current in an AC TL using a standard ammeter secondary current ranges from 1 to 5 amps

Construction
Unlike VT or PT Primary
Only one or very few turns primary wire size > secondary wire size

Secondary
Large number of coil turns Wound on a laminated core of low-loss magnetic material. Has a large CSA so that the magnetic flux density is low Using much smaller CSA wire, depending upon how much the current must be stepped down. Number of 2ndry turns is multiple of the 1ry turns

Equivalent Circuit

Equivalent Exact circuit equations:

S: For Secondary P: For Primary

Types of CTs
Wound current transformers
Primary winding Turns ratio Insulation, non uniform Sec. winding, leakage, T class i.e not accurate

Toroidal current transformers

No primary windings
Threaded line Split core

Uniform Sec. winding, no leakage

Bar-type current transformers

Bus bar Single turn

Insulated against high voltage Uniform Sec. winding, no leakage

CT Polarity
Polarised Bar-Type
Primary
P1& P2/H1 & H2 P1 generator, P2 load arrow to load

Secondary
S1 & S2/X1 & X2 S1 current in, S2 out connect correctly, wrong measurement

Toroidal current transformers

Arrow, Current direction

S1 current in, S2 out

CT Polarity
Wound CT
Gen P1, Load P2 S1 current in, S2 out

Current transformer cores

High precision current transformers request soft magnetic cores with ideally
high saturation high permeability low remanence Good temperature stability

Classification
ANSI/IEEE Accuracy Classes
Depends on Application o Metering accuracy CT Very high accuracy, from FL to LL values e.g. large capacity revenue billing CTs o Relaying accuracy CT Supply protective relays Relays, not normal in normal loads Reasonable accuracy, fault and high overload, 20 Ifl

Classification
ANSI/IEEE Accuracy Classes: 1.Metering accuracy CT
- Available in Maximum Ratio Error Classes of: + 0.3% , + 0.6% , + 1.2%, +2.4%. - For Burdens (Loads) of: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.9, 1.8 ohms. - Which equals 2.5, 5.0, 12, 22-1/2, 45 volt-amperes ( va )

Classification

2.Relaying Accuracy CTs
Class C (Calculated) is low leakage reactance type - donut units - Formerly Class L ( L for Low Leakage) Class T (Tested) is high leakage reactance type - bar-type units - Formerly Class H ( H for High Leakage) Available secondary voltages: 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800. Will support burdens of: 0.1, 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 ohms.

Classification
IEC-60044-1
Primary:
10 12.5 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 75 A and their decimal multiple or fractions Underlined are preferred

Secondary:
1, 2 and 5 A 5 A is preferred Delta, 3

CT selection
Ratio Selection Relay Step Tap Secondary Burden Calculation Determining CT performance with ANSI / IEEE
i. ii. iii. T class CT C class CT C Class CT with CT performance curves

1.Ratio Selection
a. b. c. d. For CT and the connected equipments Thermal effect of system Thermal limit Common 5A CTs Pick up Secondary current less than 5A

2. . Relay Step Tap Minimum pick up and operational current values of the relay
Should be higher than load Calculate margin above load between load and relay (according to Relay characteristics and types

3.Secondary Burden Calculation Calculate Burden impedance

Relay Impedance Lead impedance Depends on relay type (Solid state, electromagnetic) Solid state: low resistance mainly constant with Current variation Electromagnetic: resistance varies with current variation

4.Determining CT performance with ANSI / IEEE

With T class CT:

Performance curve Match and pick corresponding impedance to the needed conditions

4.Determining CT performance with ANSI / IEEE

Performance curves (Voltage, Current and CT ratio) Match the desired condition to get the missing parameter from curve

CT Ratings
Rated primary voltage (V) Rated secondary voltage (V) Rated frequency (HZ) Rated output of CT (VA) Rated output of PT (VA) Accuracy class Rated insulation level KV

Magnetic Saturation
Magnetic field strength H (A/m) in the coil is given by: I = Current through the coil in Amperes (A) n = Number of turns in the coil L = Total circumference of the peripheral coil

Induced Magnetic flux density B ( in Wb/m2 or Tesla) is given by: = Magnetic permeability in (Wb/A.m) in the medium (air or iron core) in the coil H = Magnetic field strength

CT features

A primary winding (usually a cable or other conductors by toroidal). Set high primary currents to default value, usually 1 A or 5 A. Maximum voltage for each winding is dependent on core material and diameter. Secondary is almost shorted and operated far from max tension / saturation. In short circuit conditions InP max lasts for up to 1 to 3 sec. An open winding leads to a very hot and dangerous voltage and causes magnetic saturation. Winding insulation is only rated for a 2 kV peak voltage!

Accuracy

accuracy depends on some factors: o Burden o Burden class/saturation class o Rating factor o Load o External electromagnetic fields o Temperature o Physical configuration o The selected tap, for multi-ratio CTs

Applications

Metering Protective Relays Electrical Power Industry

Cautions

CT secondary short circuited

o o

Unless connected burden (i.e. meters, relays, etc.), Secondary must be s.c Why? Low current, HV at terminals, arc, damage CT

Thank You

References

http://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/ http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10200915737280017&set=a.102009 15530994860.1073741826.1362938322&type=1&theater file://localhost/C:/Users/reem/Downloads/Desktop/arvind_srinivasan.pdf http://www.butlerwinding.com/store.asp?pid=28351 http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot235.nsf/veritydisplay/cb9b52d0823be86 6c125798400459d13/$file/ABB-DTR%20current%20transformers%20EN%201101a.pdf http://www.abb.com/product/db0003db002618/bb12a5314453ed00c12579ca00 4701fc.aspx http://www.directindustry.com/prod/chint-electric-co-ltd/three-phase-currenttransformers-69106-585255.html