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Waves

Continued..

Travelling Waves
A

wave that appears to be moving in one particular direction is called a Travelling wave.

Characteristics
The highest point on wave Crest

The lowest point on wave Trough

Amplitude: Magnitude of maximum displacement of particle from its equilibrium position.

Wavelength
The

distance between any two equivalent points on a wave. Equivalent points: Same height & same direction.

Time Period & frequency


Time

required for a single wave to pass a point. 1/f

T=

Where f = frequency of a wave


Frequency

is the number of waves which pass a point per unit of time.

Example
The equation of certain traveling waves is y(x,t) = 0.0450 sin(25.12x - 37.68t - 0.523) where x and y are in meters, and t in seconds. Determine the following: (a) Amplitude, (b) wave number, (c) wavelength, (d) angular frequency, (e) frequency, (f) phase angle, (g) the wave propagation speed. Solution: Comparing this equation with the general form, results in (a) A = 0.0450m (b) k = 25.12m-1 (c) = (2 / k) = 0.250m (d) = 37.68 rad/s (e) f = ( / 2) = 6.00Hz (f) = -0.523 rad (g) v = f = (6.00 Hz)(0.250m) = 1.50 m/s
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Standing waves
Whenever

two wave trains of same amplitude, frequency and having proper phase travel in opposite direction through a medium. The waves does not appear to go anywhere but oscillates up and down.

Fig: Standing Wave

Standing waves

Stationary

Nodes Points of maximal motion ---Antinodes

points---

Notice

that distance from node to node or from anti node to anti node is half a wavelength.

Modes of Transverse vibrations of Strings


Consider

a string of length l which is stretched & clamped at two ends. Tension is string is T. We have to find characteristic frequencies of vibration- resonant frequencies of string when plucked at different places.

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Case 01: String plucked at its middle point

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Case 01

Two transverse waves originate from mid point. One move to left Other to right. Both reflected from clamped ends. Incident and reflected waves give rise to stationary waves. String vibrate with characteristic frequency f1. Nodes formed at two clamped ends Mid point becomes anti node Distance between two consecutive nodes = half wavelength Wavelength of this mode of vibration of string is 1/2 = or 1 = 2 Speed of either component of wave = v = 1 f1= v/2 If m = mass/length T = tension in string then

v=

f1 =

1 2

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Case 02: String plucked at quarter length

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Case 02

String vibrates in two loops with characteristic frequency f2. If 2 is wavelength of this mode of vibration, then 2 = 2 2 2 =

or

f2 = v / 2 =

V= 2 f2

Therefore f2 = 2f1

1 Or f2 =

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Case 03: String plucked at one sixth of its length

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Case 03

String vibrates in three loops with characteristic frequency f3. If 2 is wavelength of this mode of vibration, then 3 = 2 3 3 = 2/3

or

V= 3 f3

3 f3 = v / 3 = 2

Therefore f3 = 3f1

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Plucking the string at arbitrary point


String

will oscillate in its nth mode with (n+1) nodes at n antinodes.

2 n=

fn = nf1 = = 2

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Example

A wire of length 1.4m and mass of 0.052kg is stretched by means of 15kg. Calculate frequency of fundamental vibration.
Solution: Mass /length = 0.052/1.4 = 0.037kg/m Tension in wire = mg = 0.052*9.8 = 147N

1 f1= = 2

= 22.5 Hz.

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