Conceptual Links to self-Theories of Intelligence Sheila Pen University of Bath

Women into Enterprise ( WiE, ESF programme in Swindon, UK) Women in business, business networking events
In-depth interviews Informal chats and conversations at networking events Email correspondence One-to-one coaching
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Psychological /Emotional Factors

McClelland (1985), Mayo (1927-32), Maslow (1954)

External Conditions/ Context

Herzberg (1959), McGregor (1960)

Rewards/ Incentives/ Fear / Security

Taylor (1911), Drucker (1954). Maslow (1959)

Adapted Diagram: Abraham Maslows (1954) Hierarchy of Needs

Clayton Alderfers (1972) ERG Theory:

Selfactualisation

Self-determination Theory of Motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1985): Highlights the importance of intrinsic motivation in affecting behaviour. Focus is on growth/development Active encouragement from the environment:

Growth

Self- Esteem Needs Relatedness

Social Needs

Security and Safety Needs

Physiological Needs
Existence

Encouragement Feedback Autonomy Relatedness

Achievement Motivation

Attitude Motivation

Affiliation Motivation

Power Motivation

Competence Motivation

Ken Shah & Prof. Param J. Shah

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Entity Theorist (Fixed Mindset of Intelligence)

Incremental Theorist (Growth Mindset of Intelligence)

Views traits of intelligence as fixed entity, and easily judged from behaviour and performance. Views mistakes as a threat to exposure to real intelligence. Students would enjoy opportunities to look smart in areas they are already comfortable with, they require a diet of easy success to maintain their perception of intelligence. Challenges are therefore a threat to self-esteem. Tendency to lead validation seeking individuals (for competence, likeability, and self-worth) leads to having contingent self-worth.

Intelligence is malleable and can be cultivated through learning/development. views mistakes as part of the growth process. Even students with low confidence in their intelligence will enjoy taking on challenges and difficult tasks. What makes them feel smart is engaging, exerting effort to master something, stretching their skills and applying knowledge. Tendency to lead to Growth seeking individuals.

_ Effort + _ Ability Equation

Something innate. One can go to school to be educated (academically), but one doesnt have to go to school to be smart! In born ability to learn and evaluate complex ideas. I dont believe it can be learned from books. The ability to survive with the least effort while still reaping enormous gain.

Someone who knows how to work hard and sets out to accomplish a certain task. The capacity to understand something and think about it, not just mimicking the facts. Intelligence should be about the effort that goes into opening onself to the world and new things. How much effort one puts into something and your willingness to learn and do all you can to understand it.

Entity Theorists

Incremental Theorists
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Ability to learn/develop Ability to overcome challenges Degree of risk aversion/ experimentation

Self-perception, self esteem link vs. confidence Motivation

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On holding back (Risk perception) On making decisions (Assertions and choices) On having focus and sustaining motivation (sustaining self-belief and ability having a constructive one!)
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Their awareness of their intelligence and competence as ongoing work-indevelopment independent of the outcome of situations.
Does not question self-worth or self ability, when self-doubt arises instead questions the doubt to resolve it.

Is outward focussed and inward drawing I know of this opportunity and wonder how I might be able to get closer to it.

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Entity Theory of intelligence

Incremental Theory of intelligence

Self-esteem can be an internal quantity discernable from behaviour and performance, easily fed by achieving successes. Praise is directed to states of intelligence
Much of our praises and messages in speech for people tend to relate to their qualities as fixed.

Self-esteem with regard to intelligence is derived from experiencing yourself fully engaged in doing something that stretches your abilities in an area you value. Praise regarding effort and application applied focussing on the experience reinforces this theory.

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There is a regenerating quality to having an incremental outlook on intelligence that is more suited for an entrepreneurial pursuit.
This can vastly overcome any dips in time or situation-based specific influences on an individuals level of self-esteem or confidence that is usually attributed to influencing motivation.

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Can do? Attitude of enterprise Handling high stress, uncertainty, social stretch, personal attachments and challenges Overcoming the motivational barriers of enterprise
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The need to re-envisage our understanding and conceptualisation of motivation and the intrinsic elements that feeds it. If we are to focus on intrinsic motivation we need a greater understanding to our self theories which under ride our abilities to perform and achieve and therefore, influences our motivation. To question the impacts of our messages, incentives and support orientation
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Under this new link to motivation, achievement is motivated by the desire to experience competence and avoid experiencing incompetence according to a persons theory of their own intelligence.
Some of our earlier conditioning and environmental set-up in terms of (support structures) work may be working to reinforce an entity outlook of our intelligence and competence. More sustainable than having confidence is having an incremental outlook which will motivate a person to pursue growth.
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