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• Theoretical frameworks
– allow the systematic organization
of knowledge
– guide data collection
– provide explanations for assessed
behaviors
– guide care plan development
– provides rationales for
interventions and
– determine evaluation criteria
– Guide research by providing
Theoretical Foundations
Psychosexual- Psychoanalytical Sigmund FREUD
Theory
altering environment
Behavioral Theory
Application to Nursing
2. The nurse assess both adaptive and ,al-
adaptive behaviors
3. The nurse and client collaborate in
identifying behaviors that need to change
4. Behavioral modification techniques are
utilized by the nurse in the treatment of
mental illness
Humanistic theory
Human nature is positive and growth
centered and existence involves search for
meaning and truth
Maslow’s theory of Needs are organized in a
hierarchy
Humanistic theory
Mental illness in this framework
2. The failure to develop one’s FULL
potential leads to poor coping
3. Lack of self awareness and unmet needs
interfere with feelings of security
4. Fundamental human anxiety is fear of
death which leads to existential anxiety
Humanistic theory
Application of the theory to Nursing
2. NCR is based on positive regard, respect
and empathy
3. Nurses assess the spiritual aspects of the
client including religion, love and
relationships
4. Through reflective listening and emphatic
responses, the nurse helps the client gain
self-understanding
KOHLBERG’S STAGES
OF
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
Stage 1 Age 2-3
Description:
Punishment or obedience (heteronomous
morality)
A child does the right things because a
mutuality
A child follows rules because of a need to
and authority
Child follows rules of authority figures as
perspective
child follows standards of society for the
conduct