Basis Of Classification

Some of the important features used as the basis of animal classification are the following. Arrangement of cells Body symmetry Nature of coelom Patterns of digestive, circulatory or reproductive systems.

Levels Of Organisations
Animals exhibit a great diversity in their body organization - such as shape, size etc.Some of the levels of organization is the following; 1.Cellular Level Of Organisation In this level of organization the cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates. Eg.Sponges

2.Tissue Level Of Organisation

In this organization the cells performing same function are arranged into tissues. Eg.Coelentrates .

3. Organ Level Of Organisation

Here the tissues are grouped together to form organs .Each organ perform a particular function. Eg. Members of phylum Platyhelminthes, organs such as stomach, heart , liver etc.

4.Organ System Level Of Organisation

Here the organs are associated to form functional systems, each system is concerned with a specific physiological function. Eg.Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, Chordates etc.

Types of digestive system

1.Incomplete digestive system This type of digestive system has only a single opening to the outside of the body that serves as both mouth and anus. Eg; digestive system of platyhelminthes.

2.Complete digestive system

Complete digestive system has two openings, mouth and anus.

Types of circulatory system

1.Open circulatory system In this type of circulatory system the blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in it.

2. Closed circulatory system

In this circulatory system the blood is circulated through a series of vessels like arteries, veins and capillaries.

SYMMETRY
1.Asymmetry A plane through the centre of the body does not divide the organism into equal halves . Eg .Sponges

2.Radial symmetry
Any plane through the central axis of the body divides the body into two identical halves Eg.Coelentrates, Echinoderms

3.Bilateral symmetry
Here the body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane. Eg.Annelids, Arthropods

Diploblastic Animals
Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers ,an external Ectoderm and an internal Endoderm are called diploblastic animals. An undifferentiated layer present in between the ectoderm and endoderm is called mesoglea. Eg ; coelenterates

Triploblastic Animals
The animals which possess three embryonic layers are called triploblastic animals. These animals posses a third embryonic layer in between the ectoderm and endoderm called mesoderm.

Diploblastic and Triploblastic

COELOM
The cavity present in between the body wall and gut is known as coelom.It is lined by mesoderm. On the basis of coelom animals are classified into three. 1.Coelomate Animals which posses a true coelom is coelomate animals. Eg .Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Hemichordates and Chordates.

Coelom

2.Pseudocoelomate
In some animals the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called pseudocoelom and the animal possessing them are called pseudocoelomate. Eg.Aschelminthes

Pseudocoelome

3.Acoelomate
The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomate animals. Eg Platyhelminthes

SEGMENTATION
In some animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition of at least some organs. Eg.In earth worm the body shows this pattern called metameric segmentation and the phenomenon is called metamerism.

NOTOCHORD
Notochord is the rod like structure formed on the dorsal side of the body during embryonic development from mesoderm in some animals. Animals with notochord are called Chordates e.g.; fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The animals without notochord are nonchordates. E.g.; phylum porifera to echinoderms.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
Broad classification of kingdom animalia based on common fundamental features.

IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MAJOR PHYLA

PHYLUM-PORIFERA SPONGES

 Members of phylum Porifera are commonly known as sponges. They are marine and mostly asymmetrical animals with cellular level of organization. Sponges have a water transport or canal system. Water enters the body through minute pores called ostia in the body wall into a central cavity spongocoel ,from where it goes out through the osculam. Water transport system helps the sponges for food gathering, gas exchange and removal of wastes.

WATER TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN SPONGES

 Spongocoel and canals are lined by special type of cells called Choanocytes or Collar cells. Skeleton which support the body is called spicules or spongin fibres. Sponges are hermaphrodite organisms .i.e., eggs and sperms are produced by the same individual. Sponges reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually by formation of gametes. Fertilization is internal and development is indirect with a larval stage.

Spongilla fresh water sponge

Euspongia

Sycon -Scypha

PHYLUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA)

 They are aquatic, marine, sessile or free-swimming, radially symmetrical animals. The tentacles and the body of cnidarians contains special type of stinging cells called cnidoblasts or cnidocytes with stinging capsules or nematocytes. Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense and for capture of the prey.

Cnidoblast

 Cnidarians are diploblastic animals with tissue level of organization. They have a central gastro-vascular cavity with a single mouth on hypostome. Digestion takes place both extracellular and intracellular. Cnidarians such as corals have a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate. The sessile, cylindrical form of cnidarians are known as Polyp. E.g. hydra,adamsia

 The free-swimming umbrella shaped form of cnidarians are known as Medusa . e.g., jelly fish or Aurelia Polyp is the asexual form and medusa is the sexual form. Polyp produce medusae asexually and medusae form the polyps sexually. This type of alternation of generation is called Metagenesis

Physalia -Portuguese man- of-war

Physalia

Hydra

Brain coral - Meandrina

Sea fan- Gorgonia

Jelly fish-medusa

Sea anemon -Adamsia

Sea pen -Pennatula

Obelia

PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

 Animals in this phylum are commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies. They are marine, radially symmetrical, diploblastic animals with tissue level of organization. The body of ctenophores bears eight external rows of ciliated structure called comb plates, which help for locomotion. Ctenophores have the characteristic property of bioluminescence. (It is the capacity of a living organism to emit light.) Sexes are not separate. Fertilization is external with indirect development.

Pleurobrachia -ctenophore

Ctenophore-bioluminescence

Ctenophore

Ctenophore

Ctenophore

Ctenophore

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

 Members of this phylum have dorso-ventrally flattened body and hence called flat worms. These are mostly endoparasites found in animals including human beings. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and acoelomate animals with organ level of organization. Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic form. Some of them absorb nutrients directly from the host through the body surface. Specialized cells called flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion. Sexes are not separate. Fertilization is internal and development is through many larval stages.

Fasciola liver fluke

Planaria

Tape worm

PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES

 The body of the members of this phylum is round in cross section and hence called round worms. These worms may be freeliving, aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, pseudocoelomate with organ system level of organization. Alimentary canal is complete with a well developed muscular pharynx. Sexes are separate (dioecious), females are often longer than males Fertilization is internal and development may be direct or indirect with larval forms.

Ascaris round worms

Ascaris male and female

Wucheraria

Filaria worm

Filariasis

Ancylostoma Hook worm

PHYLUM ANNELIDA

 The members may be aquatic (marine and fresh water), terrestrial, free living and sometimes parasitic. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate animals which have organ system level of body organization. The body of annelids exhibits metamerism. That is their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres. They possess longitudinal and circular muscles, which help in locomotion. Parapodia are the lateral appendages of Nereis , which help in swimming. Excretory and osmoregulatory organ of annelids are called Nephridia. Nereis is dioecious but earthworm and leeches are monoecious . Reproduction is sexual.

Phretima - earthworm

Nereis

Nereis -parapodia

Hirudinaria-blood sucking Leech

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

 This is the largest phylum of kingdom animalia which includes about two third of all named species. Insects are included in this phylum. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented and coelomate animals with organ-system level of organization. The body of arthropods is covered by chitinous exoskeleton. The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen.

 They have jointed appendages (arthros- joint, poda -appendages) Gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system are the respiratory organs of this phylum. They have open circulatory system. Sensory organs like antennae, eyes, statocysts or balance organ are present. Malphigian tubules are the excretory organs of this phylum. They are mostly dioecious with internal fertilization. They are mostly oviparous (egg-laying animals) with direct or indirect development.

JOINTED APPENDAGES

GILLS

BOOK GILLS

LUNGS

TRACHEAL SYSTEM

ANTENNA

MALPIGHIAN TUBULES

 Examples Economically important insects Apis Honey bee Bombyx Silk worm Laccifer Lac insect Vectors Anopheles , Culex and Aedes mosquitoes Gregarious pest Locust Living fossil Limulus king crab

HONEY BEE

SILK WORM

LAC INSECT

ANOPHELES MOSQUITO

CULEX MOSQUITO

AEDES MOSQUITO

LOCUST

LIMULUS-KING CRAB

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
This is the second largest animal phylum. Molluscs are terrestrial or aquatic, bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals with organ- system level of organization. Body is covered by a calcareous shell and is unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump. Mantle is the soft, spongy layer of skin which covers the visceral hump. The space between the hump and the mantle is called mantle cavity. Gills are the respiratory and excretory organs of molluscs. Radula is the file-like rasping organ for feeding. They are usually dioceious and oviparous with indirect development.

Pila - Apple snail

Pinctada Pearl oyster

PEARL OYSTER

PEARLS

SepiaCuttle fish

CUTTLE FISH

Loligo Squid

Loligo Squid

Loligo Squid

Loligo Squid

Octopus Devil fish

Octopus Devil fish

Octopus Devil fish

 Examples

Aplysia Sea hare

Aplysia Sea hare

Aplysia Sea hare

Dentalium Tusk shell

Dentalium Tusk shell

Dentalium Tusk shell

Chaetopleura - Chiton

Chaetopleura - Chiton

PHYLUM- MOLLUSCA

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA These are marine, triploblastic, and coelomate animals with organ system level of organization. These animals have an endoskeleton made up of calcareous ossicles and hence the name echinodermata (spiny bodied) The adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but larve are bilaterally symmetrical. Digestive system is complete with mouth on the lower(ventral) side and anus on the upper (dorsal) side. The distinctive feature of echinoderms is the presence of the water vascular system . This system helps for locomotion, capture and transport of food and respiration. Sexes are separate . Reproduction is sexual. Fertilization is usually external. Development is indirect with free-swimming larva.

Asterias- Star fish

Asterias- Star fish

Echinus - Sea urchin

Echinus - Sea urchin

Antedon - Sea lily

Cucumaria - Sea cucumber

Ophiura - Brittle star

Ophiura - Brittle star

Ophiura - Brittle star

PHYLUM -ECHINODERMATA

PHYLUM

HEMICHORDATA

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA

This phylum consists of small group of wormlike marine animals. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals with organ system level of organization. The body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk Circulatory system is open. Respiration takes place through gills. Proboscis glands are the excretory organ. Fertilization is external with indirect development.

Saccoglossus

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA

PHYLUM CHORDATA
The members of this phylum are charactrised by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal tubular nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits. These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate animals with organ system level of organization. They posses a post anal tail and a closed circulatory system.

Chordata characteristics

Comparison of Chordates and Non-chordates

 Phylum chordata is divided into three subphyla Urochordata or Tunicata Cephalochordata Vertebrata Subphyla urochordata and cephalochordata are often referred to as protochordates . These are exclusively marine organisms. In urochordates, notochord is present only in the tail region of the larvae. In cephalochordates the notochord extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout their life.

Example Urochordata Ascidia

Example Urochordata Ascidia

Example Urochordata Ascidia

Example Urochordata Doliolum

Example Urochordata Doliolum

Example Urochordata Salpa

Examples Cephalochordata Branchiostomata (Amphioxus or Lancelet)

Examples Cephalochordata Branchiostomata (Amphioxus or Lancelet

Subphylum vertebrata
(All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates. Why?) The members of subphylum vertebrata possess notochord during the embryonic period and it is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult. Thus all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates. Vertebrates have a ventral muscular heart with two, three or four chambers. Excretory organs are kidneys. Paired appendages may be fins or limbs.

Subphylum vertebrata is further divided into the following groups

CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA
The members of this class are ectoparasites on some fishes. Cyclostomes have an elongated body having 615 pairs of gill slits for respiration. They have a circular mouth without jaws for sucking. Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous. Circulation is closed type. Cyclostomes are marine, but migrate for spawning to fresh water. After spawning, within a few days, they die. Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to the ocean.

CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA EXAMPLE- PETROMYZON(LAMPREY)

CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA EXAMPLE- PETROMYZON(LAMPREY)

CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA EXAMPLE- MYXINE (HAGFISH)

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fishes

CLASS- CHONDRICHTHYES
This group of fishes includes cartilaginous fishes having cartilaginous endoskeleton. Mouth is located ventrally. Notochord persists throughout their life. Gill slits are separate and without operculum(gill cover). The tough skin has minute placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid scales which are directed backwardly. Their jaws are very powerful and these fishes are predaceious. Due to the absence of air bladder, they have to swim continuously to avoid sinking. They have two chambered heart (one auricle and one ventricle). Torpedo fish possess electric organs. Trygon possess poison stings. They are cold-blooded animals(poikilothermous), i.e. they lack the capacity to regulate the body temperature. Sexes are separate and fertilization is internal. They are viviparous.

SCOLIODON-(DOG FISH)

SCOLIODON-(DOG FISH)

PRISTIS (SAW FISH)

CARCHARODON -GREAT WHITE SHARK

STING RAY-TRYGON

STING RAY-TRYGON

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
These are bony fishes with bony endoskeleton. Their body is streamlined. Mouth is terminal. They have four pairs of gills covered by operculum on each side. Skin is covered by cycloid or ctenoid scales. Air bladder is present and which regulate buoyancy. They are cold-blooded animals with two chambered heart Sexes are separate. Fertilization is usually external. They are mostly oviparous and development is direct.

Examples marine fishes Exocoetus - Flying fish Hippocampus Sea horse Examples fresh water fishes Labeo Rohu Catla - Katla Clarius - Magur Examples aquarium fishes Betta - Fighting fish Pterophyllum - Angel fish

Marine fishes Exocoetus - Flying fish

marine fishes Hippocampus Sea horse

marine fishes Hippocampus Sea horse

fresh water fishes Labeo Rohu

fresh water fishes Catla - Katla

fresh water fishes Clarius - Magur

Aquarium fishes Betta - Fighting fish

Aquarium fishes Betta - Fighting fish

Aquarium fishes Betta - Fighting fish

Aquarium fishes Betta - Fighting fish

Aquarium fishes Betta - Fighting fish

Aquarium fishes Pterophyllum - Angel fish

CLASS AMPHIBIA

CLASS AMPHIBIA
Amphibians can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats. Most of them have two pairs of limbs. Body is divisible into head and trunk. A tympanum represents the ear. Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into common chamber called cloaca. Respiration is by gills, lungs, and through skin. The heart is three chambered (two auricles and one ventricle). They are oviparous and development is indirect.

Examples Bufo - Toad Rana Frog Hyla - Tree frog Salamandra Salamander Ichthyophis Limbless amphibian

Bufo - Toad

Rana Frog

Hyla - Tree frog

Hyla - Tree frog

Salamandra Salamander

Salamandra Salamander

Ichthyophis Limbless amphibian

CLASS REPTILIA
The animals of this group exhibits creeping or crawling mode of locomotion. They are terrestrial animals and their body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidernmal scales or scutes. They do not have external ear openings. Tympanum represents the ear. Heart is usually three chambered, but four chambered in crocodiles. Reptiles are poikilothermic. Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin casts. Sexes are separate . Fertilization is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct.

Examples Chelone - Turtle Testudo -- Tortoise Chameleon -- Tree lizard Calotes -- Garden lizard Crocodilus -- Crocodile Alligator Alligator Hemidactylus -- Wall lizard

Chelone - Turtle

Chelone - Turtle

Testudo - Tortoise

Testudo -- Tortoise

GIANT GALAPAGOS TORTOISE

Chameleon- Tree lizard

Chameleon- Tree lizard

Chameleon- Tree lizard

Chameleon- Tree lizard

Calotes -- Garden lizard

Calotes -- Garden lizard

Crocodilus -- Crocodile

Crocodilus -- Crocodile

Alligator

Alligator

Hemidactylus -- Wall lizard

Hemidactylus -- Wall lizard

Hemidactylus -- Wall lizard

Poisonous snakes Naja -- Cobra Bangarus -- Krait Vipera -- viper

Naja -- Cobra

Naja -- Cobra

Bangarus -- Krait

Bangarus -- Krait

Vipera -- viper

Green viper

CLASS AVES
This class includes birds and their characteristic feature is the presence of feathers. The forelimbs are modified into wings and the hind limbs have scales and are modified for walking, swimming or clasping the tree branches. Oil glands are present at the base of the tail. Endoskeleton is bony and the long bones are pneumatic (hollow with air cavities) which help for flight. The digestive tract has additional chambers, the crop and gizzard. The heart is completely four chambered. Birds are warm blooded (homeothermous) animals. I.e. they are able to maintain a constant body temperature. Air sacs connected to lungs supplement respiration. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal. Oviparous and development is direct.

Examples Corvus -- Crow Columba -- Pigeon Psittacula -- Parrot Struthio -- Ostrich Pavo -- Peacock Aptenodytes Penguin Neophron Vulture

Corvus

-- Crow

Columba -- Pigeon

Psittacula -- Parrot

Struthio -- Ostrich

Pavo -- Peacock

Aptenodytes Penguin

Neophron Vulture

CLASS MAMMALIA

CLASS MAMMALIA
The unique mammalian characteristic is the presence of milk producing glands(mammary glands) by which the young ones are nourished. They have two pairs of wings adapted for walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying. The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hair. External ears or pinnae are present. Different types of teeth are present in jaws. Four chambered heart is present. They are homoiothermous. Respiration is by lungs. Sexes are separate and fertilization is internal. Most mammals are viviparous . Some are oviparous.

Examples
Oviparous Ornithorhynchus -- egg laying platypus Viviparous Marcopus - kangaroo Pteropus -- Flying fox Camelus - Camel Macaca -- Monkey Rattus -- Rat Canis -- Dog Felis -- Cat Elephus -- Elephant Equus -- Horse Delphinus Dolphin Balaenoptera Blue Whale Panthera tigris Tiger Panthera leo -- l ion

Ornithorhynchus -- egg laying platypus

ECHIDNA

Marcopus - kangaroo

Pteropus --

Flying fox

Camelus

Camel

Macaca -- Monkey

Rattus -- Rat

Canis -- Dog

Felis -- Cat

Elephus-- Elephant

Equus -- Horse

Delphinus Dolphin

Balaenoptera Blue Whale

Panthera tigris Tiger

Panthera leo -- l ion