Assembler language 8051

Mairtin O Conghaile

8051 Microcontroller
Complete, highly-integrated microcomputer CPU, RAM, ROM, IO Port 0 8-bit bidirectional I/O port OR multiplexed low-order address and data bus bytes Port 1 8-bit bidirectional I/O port Port 2 8-bit bidirectional I/O port OR high-order address byte Port 3 8-bit bidirectional I/O port OR various special-function signals
2

8051 Microcontroller Interface Signals (1)

Port 0 or Lo Addr/Data Port 2 or Hi Addr Addr Latch Ena/Program Program Store Enable Port 3/Special Functions: Write Read Interrupt 0 Interrupt 1 Timer 0 Timer 1 Serial Input Port Serial Output Port Port 1 PO/AD[7-0] P2 / A[15-8] ALE /PROG* PSEN [Bus Timing] P3.6 / WR* P3.7 / RD* [Int] P3.2 /INT0* P3.3 /INT1* P3.4 P3.5 P3.0 P3.1 / T0 / T1 /RXD /TXD P1
8 8 8

[I/O]

8051 Microcontroller Interface Signals (2)

External Access Enable/ Programming Voltage EA*/VPP

Crystal/oscillator Crystal Reset

XTAL2* XTAL1* RST

(External) Clock / Reset Generator

Introduction to the 8051 microcontroller

Type of memory
Code memory (64k max) Internal RAM (128 bytes) External RAM (64k max) Special Function Registers (SFR) Bit memory

Internal RAM

Basic Registers
Accumulator R registers B register Data Pointer (DPTR) 16-bit register Program Counter (PC) 16-bit register Stack Pointer (SP)

MOV instruction
Simply stated, the MOV instruction copies data from one location to another. It has the following format
MOV destination, source This instruction tells the CPU to move (copy) the source operand to the destination operand, without changing the content of the source operand. Examples:
MOV MOV MOV MOV A,#55h R0,A R3, #95h A,R3 ; load 55h into register A ; copy contents of A into R0 ; load value 95h into R3 ;copy content of R3 into A

Some useful pointers

Values can be loaded directly into any of the registers A,B or R0-R7. However, to indicate that it is an immediate value it must be preceeded with a # sign. MOV A,#23H ;load 23H into A MOV R6,#12 ;load 12d into R6 MOV R5,#0f9h If value is small, rest of bits are assumed to be all zeros. E.g. mov a 4-bit value into an 8-bit register Moving a value that is too large into a register will cause an error. To load a value into a register it must be preceeded with a # sign. Otherwise it means to load from a memory location. MOV A,#17h MOV A,17h

ADD instruction
The ADD instruction has the following format:
ADD A, source ;Add the source operand to A

This tells the CPU to add the source byte to reg A and put the result in reg A

Example
Calculate the content of the accumulator after the program is executed on the 8051.
MOV MOV MOV ADD ADD R5,#25h R7,#34H A,#0 A,R5 A,R7

Addressing Modes
An "addressing mode" refers to how you are addressing a given memory location. In summary, the addressing modes are as follows, with an example of each:
Immediate Addressing Direct Addressing Indirect Addressing External Direct Code Indirect MOV A,#20h MOV A,30h MOV A,@R0 MOVX A,@DPTR MOVC A,@A+DPTR

Each of these addressing modes provides important flexibility.

Immediate Addressing
Immediate addressing is so-named because the value to be stored in memory immediately follows the operation code in memory. That is to say, the instruction itself dictates what value will be stored in memory. MOV A,#20h This instruction uses Immediate Addressing because the Accumulator will be loaded with the value that immediately follows; in this case 20 (hexidecimal). Immediate addressing is very fast since the value to be loaded is included in the instruction. However, since the value to be loaded is fixed at compile-time it is not very flexible.

Direct Addressing
Direct addressing is so-named because the value to be stored in memory is obtained by directly retrieving it from another memory location. For example: MOV A,30h This instruction will read the data out of Internal RAM address 30 (hexidecimal) and store it in the Accumulator. Direct addressing is generally fast since, although the value to be loaded isnt included in the instruction, it is quickly accessable since it is stored in the 8051s Internal RAM. It is also much more flexible than Immediate Addressing since the value to be loaded is whatever is found at the given address-which may be variable. Also, it is important to note that when using direct addressing any instruction which refers to an address between 00h and 7Fh is referring to Internal Memory. Any instruction which refers to an address between 80h and FFh is referring to the SFR control registers that control the 8051 microcontroller itself.

Indirect Addressing
Indirect addressing is a very powerful addressing mode which in many cases provides an exceptional level of flexibility. MOV A,@R0 This instruction causes the 8051 to analyze the value of the R0 register. The 8051 will then load the accumulator with the value from Internal RAM which is found at the address indicated by R0. For example, lets say R0 holds the value 40h and Internal RAM address 40h holds the value 67h. When the above instruction is executed the 8051 will check the value of R0. Since R0 holds 40h the 8051 will get the value out of Internal RAM address 40h (which holds 67h) and store it in the Accumulator. Thus, the Accumulator ends up holding 67h.

Indirect Addressing(contd)
Indirect addressing always refers to Internal RAM; it never refers to an SFR. Thus, in a prior example we mentioned that SFR 99h can be used to write a value to the serial port. Thus one may think that the following would be a valid solution to write the value 1 to the serial port: MOV R0,#99h ;Load the address of the serial port MOV @R0,#01h ;Send 01 to the serial port WRONG!! On an 8051 these two instructions would produce an undefined result since the 8051 only has 128 bytes of Internal RAM.

External Direct Addressing

External Memory is accessed using "External Direct" addressing. There are only two commands that use External Direct addressing mode: MOVX A,@DPTR MOVX @DPTR,A As you can see, both commands utilize DPTR. In these instructions, DPTR must first be loaded with the address of external memory that you wish to read or write. Once DPTR holds the correct external memory address, the first command will move the contents of that external memory address into the Accumulator. The second command will do the opposite: it will allow you to write the value of the Accumulator to the external memory address pointed to by DPTR.

External Indirect Addressing

External memory can also be accessed using a form of indirect addressing. This form of addressing is usually only used in relatively small projects that have a very small amount of external RAM. An example of this addressing mode is: MOVX @R0,A Once again, the value of R0 is first read and the value of the Accumulator is written to that address in External RAM. Since the value of @R0 can only be 00h through FFh the project would effectively be limited to 256 bytes of External RAM.

Question 1
Write a short program for the 8051 microcontroller that carries out the following instructions:
Loads the accumulator with the value 40h Loads R7 with 12d Copies the content of R7 to address 30h directly Loads the register R0 with 30h Indirectly moves the contents of 30h to reg B

Indicate clearly the contents, at each stage, of all memory locations and registers involved.

Structure of Assembly language

Consists of a series of assembly language instructions. Instruction consists of four fields:
[label1:] mnemonic [operands] [;comment] Label field allows the program to refer to a line by name. Comment field must begin with a semicolon

Example of Assembly Program

ORG 0H MOV R5,#25h MOV R7,#34H MOV A,#0 ADD A,R5 ADD A,R7 ADD A,#12h SJMP HERE END ;start at mem loc 0 ;load 25h in r5 ;load 34h into r7 ;clear A ;A=A+R5 ;A=A+R7 ;A=A+12 ;stay in this loop ;end of asm source ;file

HERE:

8051 Data Types and Directives

Only one type of data type 8-bit
Its the job of the programmer to break down data larger than 8-bits.

DB
The DB directive is the most widely used data directive in assembler. Used to define the 8-bit data. When DB is used, the numbers can be decimal, binary, hex or ASCII formats. The only directive that can be used to define ASCII strings larger than two characters. DATA1: DATA2: DATA3: ORG 500H DB 39H DB 2591 ;ASCII NUMBERS ORG 518H DB Computer Engineering

Assembler Directives
ORG: Used to indicate the beginning of the address. EQU: Used to define a constant without occupying a memory location.
e.g. Count EQU 25

END: Indicates the end of the source file.

PSW (Program Status Word)

Addresses D0h, Bit-Addressable The Program Status Word is used to store a number of important bits that are set and cleared by 8051 instructions. The PSW SFR contains the carry flag, the auxiliary carry flag, the overflow flag, and the parity flag. Additionally, the PSW register contains the register bank select flags which are used to select which of the "R" register banks are currently selected.

Example
State the contents of the RAM locations after the following program:
SETB PSW.4 MOV R0,#99H MOV R1,#85H MOV R2,#99H MOV R7,#85H MOV R5,#99H

Solution
By default PSW.3 = 0 and PSW.4 =0; therefore line 1 sets RS1=1 and RS0 = 0, thereby selecting register bank 2. Register Bank 2 uses RAM locations 10H 17H. After execution of this program we have the following:
RAM RAM RAM RAM RAM location location location location location 10H 11H 12H 17H 15H has has has has has value value value value value 99H 85H 3FH 63H 12H

Stack in the 8051

Section of RAM used by the CPU to store information temporarily. Information can be data or an address. The CPU needs this storage area since there are only a limited number of registers.

How stacks are accessed in the 8051

The register used to access the stack is called the SP (stack pointer) and is 8-bits wide (00h-ffh). When the 8051 is powered up the SP contains the value 07. This means that RAM location 08 is the first location used for the stack. Final location is 1F (20h -> used for bit- addressable memory) Storing of a CPU register in the stack is called a PUSH. Loading the contents of the stack back into a CPU register is called a POP.

Pushing onto the stack

The SP points to the last used location of the stack. As we push data onto the stack, the stack pointer is incremented by one. When you pop a value off the stack, the 8051 returns the value from the memory location indicated by SP, and then decrements the value of SP.

Example
Show the stack and stack pointer for the following: MOV R6,#25H MOV R1,#12H MOV R4,#0F3H PUSH 6 ;push onto stack from R6 PUSH 1 ;push onto stack from R1 PUSH 4 ;push onto stack from R4 POP 3 ;pop stack into R3 POP 5 ;pop stack into R5 POP 2 ;pop stack into R2

Upper Limit
Ram locations 08 1F used for the stack. If more than 24bytes of stack required, then the SP must be changed to point to RAM locations 30h-7Fh using the instruction MOV SP,#xx Also may need to shift SP if a given progam needs register bank1,2 or 3.

Example
Show the stack and stack pointer for the following instructions: MOV SP,#5FH MOV R2,#25H MOV R1,#12H MOV R4,#0F3H PUSH 2 PUSH 1 PUSH 4

Questions
Write a simple program in which the value 55h is added five times. Show the stack and the stack pointer for each line of the following:
Org 0 MOV MOV MOV
MOV PUSH PUSH PUSH CLR A MOV MOV POP 7 POP 2 POP 5

SP,#70H R5,#66H R2,#7FH

R7,#5DH 5 2 7 R2,A R7,A

Program Flow
When an 8051 is first initialized, it resets the PC to 0000h. The 8051 then begins to execute instructions sequentially in memory unless a program instruction causes the PC to be otherwise altered. There are various instructions that can modify the value of the PC; specifically, conditional branching instructions, direct jumps and calls, and "returns" from subroutines. Additionally, interrupts, when enabled, can cause the program flow to deviate from its otherwise sequential scheme.

Loop and Jump Instructions

Repeating a sequence of instructions a certain number of times is called a loop. The loop action is performed by the instruction DJNZ reg,label In this instruction, the register is decremented; if it is not zero, it jumps to the target address referred to by the label. Prior to the start of the loop the register is loaded with the counter for the number of repetitions.

Example
Write a program to clear the Acc, then add 3 to the accumulator ten times. MOV MOV ADD DJNZ MOV A,#0 R2,#10 A,#03 R2,AGAIN R5,A

AGAIN:

Question
Write a program to load the accumulator with the value 10h and then complement the Acc 700times. (Hint: Try two separate loops to achieve the overall of 700)

Solution
MOV MOV MOV CPL DJNZ DJNZ A,#10H R3,#10 R2,#70 A R2,AGAIN R3,NEXT

NEXT: AGAIN:

Other Conditional Jumps

Instruction JZ JNZ DJNZ CJNE A,byte CJNE reg,#data JC JNC Action Jump if A = 0 Jump if A 0 Decrement and jump if A 0 Jump if A byte Jump if byte #data Jump if CY = 1 Jump if CY = 0

JB
JNB JBC

Jump if bit = 1
Jump if bit = 0 Jump if bit = 1 and clear bit

Example
Find the sum of the values 79H, F5H and E2H. Put the sum of the registers in R0 (low byte) and R5 (high byte)

Solution
MOV MOV ADD JNC INC N_1: ADD JNC INC N_2: ADD JNC INC OVER: MOV A,#0 R5,A A,#79H N_1 R5 A,#0F5H N_2 R5 A,#0E2H OVER R5 R0,A ;clear A ;clear R5 ;A=A+79h ;if no carry, add next ;if CY=1, increment R5 ;A=79H+F5H=6EH and CY1=1 ;jump if CY=0 ;if CY=1, increment R5 ;A=6E+E2=50H and CY=1 ;jump if CY=0 ;if CY=1, increment R5 ;now R0=50H and R5=02

Unconditional Jump Instructions

All conditional jumps are short jumps, meaning that the address of the target must be within -128 and +127 bytes of the contents of the program counter (PC). Unconditional jump instructions are:
LJMP (Long jump) 3 byte instruction SJMP (Short jump) 2 byte instruction

CALL instructions
CALL instruction is used to call a subroutine LCALL (long call) 3 byte instruction ACALL (absolute call) 2 byte instruction
When a subroutine is called, control is transferred to that subroutine. After finishing execution of the subroutine, the instruction RET (return) transfers control back to the caller.

Time Delay Generation and Calculation

For the CPU to execute an instruction takes a certain number of clock cycles. In the 8051 family, these clock cycles are referred to as machine cycles. We can calculate a time delay using the available list of instructions and their machine cycles. In the 8051, the length of the machine cycle depends on the frequency of the crystal oscillator connected to the 8051 system.

Time Delay Generation and Calculation (contd)

The frequency of the crystal connected to the 8051 family can vary from 4MHz to 30MHz. In the 8051, one machine cycle lasts 12 oscillator periods. Therefore, to calculate the machine cycle, we take 1/12 of the crystal frequency and then take the inverse.

Example
The following shows crystal frequency for three different 8051-based systems. Find the period of the machine cycle in each case. (a) 11.0592MHz (b) 16MHz (c) 20MHz

Solution
1/11.0592MHz = period per oscillation Machine cycle = 12x = 1.085s 1/16MHz = period per oscillation Machine cycle = 12x = 0.75s 1/20MHz = period per oscillation Machine cycle = 12x = 0.6s

Question
For an 8051 system of 11.0592MHz, find how long it takes to execute each of the following instructions: (a) MOV R3,#55 (b) DEC R3 (c) DJNZ R2,target (d) NOP (e) MUL AB

Solution
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) MOV DEC DJNZ NOP MUL R3,#55 R3 R2,target
AB

1x1.085s 1x1.085s 2x1.085s 1x1.085s 4x1.085s

Delay Calculation
A delay subroutine consists of two parts: (a) setting a counter (b) a loop Most of the time delay is performed by the body of the loop. Very often we calculate the time delay based on the instructions inside the loop and ignore the clock cycles associated with the instructions outside the loop. Largest value a register can hold is 255; therefore, one way to increase the delay is to use the NOP command. NOP, which stands for No Operation simply wastes time.

Example
Find the size of the delay in the following program, if the crystal frequency is 12MHz. MOV A,#55H AGAIN: MOV P1,A ACALL DELAY CPL A SJMP AGAIN DELAY: MOV R3,#200 HERE: DJNZ R3,HERE RET What does the above program do?

Solution
DELAY: HERE: MOV DJNZ RET R3,#200 R3,HERE

Crystal Cycle 12 24 12

Therefore, we have a delay of [(200X24)+12+24]x0.083s = 402s

Loop inside a loop delay

Another way to get a large delay is to use a loop inside a loop, which is also called a nested loop. E.g. Crystal Cycle DELAY: MOV R3,#250 12 HERE: NOP 12 NOP 12 NOP 12 NOP 12 DJNZ R3,HERE 24 RET 24 Time Delay=[250.(12+12+12+12+24)]x0.083s + (12+24)x0.083s = s

Question
For a machine cycle of 1s, find the time delay of the following subroutine. DELAY:

AGAIN: HERE:

MOV MOV NOP NOP DJNZ DJNZ RET

R2,#200 R3,#250

R3,HERE R2,AGAIN

Solution
HERE Loop: (4x250)x1s = 1000 s AGAIN Loop: Repeats the HERE loop 200 times i.e. 200x1000s = 200ms The instructions MOV R3,#250 and DJNZ R2,AGAIN at the beginning at end of the AGAIN loop will add (3x200x1s) = 600s to the delay time. Total execution time 200.6ms (an approximation since we have ignored the first and last instructions in the subroutine)