Vital Sign Monitors

Presented By: Eng. Mazin I. Gabora

Signal Measurements
What is a Sensor? A sensor is a device that senses change in environment. What is a Detector? Detector is a device or circuit that senses change in environment and compares the change to a reference. What is a Transducer? It is a device or circuit that converts a physical quantity onto a measurable electrical quantity.

Quantities.Sensor
Heat.. Resistors Light.. Photodiode Pressure. Piezoelectric crystal Sound. Piezoelectric crystal Chemicals. Ion Electrode Biopotential. Skin electrode Magnetic field. Coil Etc..

Human Vital Signs

What are the human measured vital signs? ECG, SpO2, NIBP, Resp., Temp.

Why are vital signs important? Vital signs give an indication of the patient status: improvement or retardation, dead or alive.

ECG

ECG
Before heart contraction, heart generates electrical activity, this activity of arterial and ventricular potential is transported to skin by human tissue.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the chart of heart electrical activity per beat, taken by skin surface electrodes and recorded by Electrocardiograph.
The Most importance of ECG is that it can help to diagnose arrhythmia.

ECG Block Diagram

PreAmplifier

Amplifier

Filtering

Display

NIBP

Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure is the measurement of blood systolic and diastolic pressure during blood circulation. BP gives an indication of the hearts ability to pump blood all around the body. Types of BP are: NIBP and IBP.

NIBP
It is the use of an inflatable bladder cuff tied to the upper arm mainly and inflated with the help of an air pump. The cuff is inflated to a pressure initially in excess of the systolic arterial pressure, and then reduces to below diastolic pressure over a period of about 30 seconds.

NIBP Principle
When blood flow is nill, or unimpeded , pressure will be essentially constant. When blood flow is present, but restricted, the cuff pressure, which is monitored by the pressure sensor, will vary periodically in synchrony with the cyclic expansion and contraction of the brachial artery.

IBP Principle
Arterial blood pressure (BP) is most accurately measured invasively through an arterial line. Invasive arterial pressure measurement is done with intravascular cannulae. The cannulae must be connected to a sterile, fluid-filled system, which is connected to an electronic pressure transducer. Again the pressure exerted by blood on the fluid will trigger the pressure sensor.

Pulse Oximetry

SpO2
A pulse oximetere is a medical device that indirectly measures the amount of oxygen in a patient's blood. It is often attached to a medical monitor so staff can see a patient's oxygenation at all times. Oximetry is not a complete measure of respiratory sufficiency. A patient suffering from hypoventilation, given 100% oxygen can have excellent blood oxygen levels while still suffering from respiratory acidosis due to high level of carbaminuheamoglobin.

SpO2 Principle
it has a pair of small LEDs facing a photodiode through a translucent part of the patient's body. One LED is red (660 nm), and the other is infrared(940 nm). Absorption at these wavelengths differs significantly between oxyhemoglobin and its deoxygenated form, therefore from the ratio of the absorption of the oxy/deoxyhemoglobin a ratio can be calculated.

SpO2 Principle
The monitored signal bounces in time with the heart beat because the arterial blood vessels expand and contract with each heartbeat. By examining only the varying part of the absorption spectrum, a monitor can ignore other tissues or nail polish and discern only the absorption caused by arterial blood. Thus, detecting a pulse is essential to the operation of a pulse oximetere and it will not function if there is none.

Respiration Measurement

Breath Count
The Respiration parameter in the patient monitor just indicate the number of breaths per minute the patient breath. It takes use of the attached ECG cable to calculate the chest resistance across the diaphragm during inspiration and expiration.

Body Temperature

Body Temperature
By using a temperature sensor made of two metals of different composition, the body temperature is taken to the circuits inside the machine to be processed and displayed.

Thank You