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Electroencephalogram

EEG
Electro-encephalogram: Representation of the bio-potentials generated by the brain. Electro-encephalography:

Instruments to record these biopotentials.

How it started: The Invention of the EEG


In 1929, the German psychiatrist Hans Berger announced something unexpected and revolutionary: the human brain is continuously electrically active. This was the beginning of the EEG, which was a method Berger invented to graphically record this electrical activity on paper.

An early EEG by Berger, circa 1928

The Beginnings of Clinical Neuropsychology


At the time this was considered cutting edge, with Bergers discoveries spawning the field of clinical neuropsychology.

EEG-Definition
The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a measure of brain waves. It is a readily available test that provides evidence of how the brain functions over time. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a medical test used to measure the electrical activity of the brain.

Definition-..ctd
EEG records brain waves It doesn't read minds or measure IQs. Instead, it's used to detect the level of electrical activity in the brain. Your brain cells communicate by electrical impulses, and an EEG measures and records these electrical impulses to detect anything abnormal.

EEG - USE
Stupor Reduced or slowed responsiveness Coma: Unresponsiveness Head injuries Brain infection

Brain haemorrhage
Degeneration of brain tissue Metabolic conditions that affect brain tissue

EEG - USE
Confusion

Tumors
Long-term difficulties with thinking or memory Weakening of specific parts of the body To determine brain death Sleep disorders

EEG ACTIVITY
The rhythmic activity of the brain is designated by its frequency

EEG activity can be broken down into 4


distinct frequency bands: Beta activity > 13 Hz

Alpha activity 8 Hz-13 Hz


Theta activity 4 Hz-7 Hz Delta activity < 4 Hz

BETA ACTIVITY
Beta activity is a normal activity present when the eyes are open or closed. It tends to be seen in the channels recorded from the centre or front of the head. Some drugs will increase the amount of beta activity in the EEG. Associated with active, busy or anxious thinking and active concentration.

ALPHA ACTIVITY
Alpha activity is also a normal activity It is only seen when the eyes are closed and should disappear or reduce in amplitude when the eyes are open. It is characteristic of a relaxed, alert state of consciousness

Alpha rhythms are best detected with the eyes closed

THETA ACTIVITY
Normal and abnormal activity depending on the age and state of the patient. It is associated with drowsiness, childhood, adolescence and young adulthood In adults it is normal if the patient is drowsy. However it can also indicate brain dysfunction if it is seen in a patient who is alert and awake.

DELTA ACTIVITY
Delta activity is only normal in an adult patient if they are in a moderate to deep sleep. It is seen in deep sleep. If it is seen at any other time it would indicate brain dysfunction. Abnormal activity may be seen in all or some channels depending on the underlying brain problem.

EVOKED POTENTIALS
DEFINITION: The electrical response of the brain to a specific stimulus(e.g. photic & sonic). The patient is exposed to the above mentioned stimuli for detecting the results of these stimuli. These potentials are averaged out from normal EEG activity. PHOTIC STIMULUS: Given in manual or automatic mode. The stimulator output can be fed to the marker channel. Frequency of the photic stimulus range-1Hz to 30 Hz. SONIC STIMULUS: Given in manual mode. Frequency of sonic stimulus is adjustable up to 10 kHz.

EEG Measurements
An EEG is performed by picking up signals from the scalp by using 23 active electrodes. Amplitude: 10 microvolt to 100 microvolt. Frequency: 1Hz to 100 Hz. ELECTRODES: Surface,Pad,Sub-dermal and silver ball.

Electrodes

EEG Measurements
An EEG is a recording of electrical signals from the brain made by hooking up electrodes to the patient's scalp.

These electrodes pick up electric signals naturally produced by the brain and send them to galvanometers (instruments that detect and measure small electric currents)
Galvanometers are in turn hooked up to pens, under which graph paper moves continuously. The pens trace the signals onto the graph paper.

EEG- Measurements
Scalp electrodes are used to record the electroencephalogram (EEG) using a machine called an electroencephalograph.

This record is the result of the activity of thousands of neurons in the brain.
The pattern of activity changes with the level of a person's arousal If a person is relaxed, then the EEG has many slow waves If a person is excited, then the EEG has many fast waves.

Electrode Placement
Standard: 10-20 electrode placement is used. Devised by an committee of the International Federation of Societies for Electroencephalography. The "10" and "20" refer to the 10% or 20% interelectrode distance.

The electrode spacing is based on intervals of 10 and 20 percent of the distance between specified points on the scalp. .

LOBES
Frontal- Front part of the brain which contains primary motor neurons.

Pre-frontal: Forward part contains neurons for specified motor control functions like eye movement.
Parietal: Somatic inputs e.g heat,smell,fingers,tongue and arms etc lead to this part. Occipital- Very back of the head and is responsible for mapping of the patterns obtained in retina in geographic representation.

Electrode Placement

Electrode Placement
Each point on this figure to the left indicates a possible electrode position. Each site has a letter (to identify the lobe) and a number or another letter to identify the hemisphere location. The letters F, T, C, P, and O stand for Frontal, Temporal, Central, Parietal and Occipital. (Note that there is no "central lobe", but this is just used for identification purposes.) Even numbers (2,4,6,8) refer to the right hemisphere Odd numbers (1,3,5,7) refer to the left hemisphere. The z refers to an electrode placed on the midline.

Electrode Placement

EEG ARTIFACTS
The amplitude of noise should be the least w.r.t biological signal. SYMPTOMS: Fuzziness or thickness of the trace,sudden large changes in voltage or repetitive sharp sawtoothed waveforms. CAUSES:EMI from power line etc. Faulty electrode application. Patient movement. Muscle artifacts.(from gritting teeth or restlessness. Blinking of eyes.

EEG-Block Diagram
Balance bridge type differential stage

Diff AMP

Pre AMP

50 HZ Filter

Graphic Display

Power Amp

Lo Linear & HI Linear Filter

Output

Electrode Recording
The recording is obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp, Application of a conductive gel to reduce resistance.(To reduce interference and minimize the effect of electrode movement.) Each electrode is connected to an input of a differential amplifier (one amplifier per pair of electrodes), which amplifies the voltage between them (typically 1,000100,000 times,

Electrode-Amplifier
EEG machines use a differential amplifier to produce each channel or trace of activity. Each amplifier has two inputs. An electrode is connected to each of the inputs.

Differential Amplifier
Measure the voltage difference between the two signals at each of its inputs. The resulting signal is amplified and then displayed as a channel of EEG activity.

Montage
The manner in which pairs of electrodes are connected to each amplifier of the EEG machine is called a montage.

Each montage will use one of the following standard recording derivations,
Monopolar derivation Bipolar derivation

Monopolar Recording
Common reference derivation Each amplifier records the difference between a scalp electrode and a reference electrode.

The same reference electrode is used for all channels.


Reference electrode placed somewhere along the scalp midline, or a reference that links both earlobe electrodes.

Bipolar Recording
The electrodes are connected in series to an equal number of amplifiers.
Electrodes linked together usually in straight lines from the front to the back of the head or transversely across the head. Example, amplifier 1 measures the difference between electrodes A and B, amplifier 2 measures the difference between B and C, and so on.

EEG MACHINE
EEG MACHINE CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS: Trolley,Console and chart drive. Trolley: The machine is fitted on a trolley that has four wheels, the transformer is also fitted inside the lower part of the trolley. Console:Console of the machine comprises of channel amplifier modules and the master control panel.

AMPLIFIER CONTROLS
1. mV/uV switch- It selects the range of the biopotentials to be recorded. 2. Sensitivity- It sets the sensitivity of the incoming signal per cm or per mm.It has 11 positions. Standard setting is 7.5 mm 3. Equalizer- Used to set the gain 4. Lo-Linear filter- Used to cut-off lower frequency. It has 4 positions Standard setting 70 Hz. 5. 50 Hz filter- Used for removing AC interference. 6. Stand by- ON,STAND BY or OFF switch. 7. Base Line:Used for electrical centering.

MASTER CONTROLS
1. All channel sensitivity To increase or decrease the sensitivity of all channels. It has four positions.Std setting is 0. 2. All channel LO&HI filter- To limit frequency response of all channels. 3. Calibration1. Used to select CAL.voltage. 2. It has 11 positions. Standard setting is 50 micro volts

4. CAL push button-For giving a CAL. Pulse.


5. CAL/USE: For selecting CAL or record mode.

MASTER CONTROLSctd
6. All channel montage selector:For automatic electrode selection. 7. Electrode Resistance test- For measuring electrode impedance. 8. Individual electrode selectors- These selectors are used for customized recording and are two per channel. 9. Input jacks- These are the test points used to check the connectivity between the electrode box and the amplifier inputs.

CHART DRIVE
The chart drive has permanent magnets galvanometer(moving coil),DC motor with gear

assemble to run the paper.


Following consoles are provided on the chart drive:

1. Main Switch- It is used to switch ON or OFF the power.


2. Speed Selector- It is used to select the chart speed. It has four selections. The standard speed 30m/sec.

CHART DRIVE
3. Stop/Chart/Chart-pen:In STOP position the recording pens and the paper pulling mechanism are stationary. CHART position- paper moves without pen deflection. CHART-Pen position the pen writes on the moving paper. 4. Pen lifter- This is a rotary knob which lifts the pens from the writing surface.

General Operating Procedure


1. Turn the machine ON and allow it to warm up for 15 minutes. 2. Load the machine with paper and fill the ink wheels with ink. 3. Make sure that the base line of all pens is centered. 4. Set all amplifier controls at standard setting.

CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
1. Turn the CAL/USE switch to CAL position and select the cal signal to 50uV position. 2. Turn the Chart-pen switch to chart pen position and depress the CAL push button each sec. 3. Adjust the height of the upward deflection of the pen by using the sensitivity equalizer on each amplifier(7mm).

Recording Procedure
1. Apply electrodes according to the 10-20 system and connect them to the corresponding jacks on the electrode board and check the electrode impedance.

2. Turn the CAL/USE to USE position.


3. Perform the TEST run an switch the chart drive to STOP position.

4. Turn the master montage selector to first (A) position and run the machine upto 5 pages of recording.
5. Before selecting the second(B) montage switch the chart drive to STOP position. 6. Repeat steps (4) and(5) for selecting the remaining montages.

Electrode Recording
The recording is obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp, Application of a conductive gel to reduce resistance.(To reduce interference and minimize the effect of electrode movement.) Each electrode is connected to an input of a differential amplifier (one amplifier per pair of electrodes), which amplifies the voltage between them (typically 1,000100,000 times, The amplitude of the EEG is about 100 V when measured on the scalp, and about 1-2 mV when measured on the surface of the brain

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