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Keys text
http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Equations.html
Chemical Reactions
You should be able to Classify reactions by type. Write a balanced molecular equation, complete ionic equation, and a net ionic equation. Balance oxidation-reduction reactions. Predict if a precipitate will form using the solubility rules. Predict products of reactions given the chemical names of the reactants.
Balancing equations
Production of a gas
Formation of a precipitate Color change
release
input
change in color
change in odor
difficult to reverse
Chemical Equations
aluminum oxide
Depict the kind of reactants and product products and their relative amounts in a reaction.
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)
The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the physical states of compounds. The numbers in the front are called stoichiometric coefficients.
Chemical Equations
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)
aluminum oxide sandpaper
4 g Al + 3 g O2 yield 2 g Al2O3 This equation means: 4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules yield 2 molecules of Al2O3 or 4 Al moles + 3 O2 moles yield 2 moles of Al2O3
4 mol Al@27g/mol 108 g 3 mol O2@32g/mol + 96 g 2 mol Al2O3@102g/mol = 204 g
Chemical Equations
Because the same atoms are present in a reaction at the beginning (reactants) and at the end (products), the amount of matter in a system does not change.
Chemical Factory
Kotz web
Chemical Equations
Because of the principle of the conservation of matter,
An equation must be balanced. It must have the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides.
Lavoisier, 1788
The equation must represent known facts. The equation must contain the correct formulas for the reactants and products. The law of conservation of mass must be satisfied.
Chemical Equations
Reactants the substances that exist before a
chemical change (or reaction) takes place.
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Word Equations
A WORD EQUATION describes chemical change using the names of the reactants and products.
Write the word equation for the reaction of methane gas with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water. methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
Reactant CH4 + 2 O2
Product
CO2 + 2 H2O
Cl Cl
H H H H
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
H Cl
2 2
1 1
H Cl
2 2
2 2
10 mole Na ___
H 2O
One molecule of water: Two molecules of water: One molecule of hydrogen peroxide:
2 H2O
H 2 O2
What is the relationship between conservation of mass and the fact that a balanced equation will always have the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of an equation?
Determine whether the following equation is balanced. 2 Na + H2O 2 NaOH + H2 2 Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + H2
1) polyatomic ions first 2) even / odd (make all even) 3) 2 H-OH vs. H2O 4) single elements last Example: need 13 oxygen atoms Multiply by 13 O2 = 13 2 Mg(OH)2
3X + 13 2 O2
13 3X + 2 2 O2
2Y 2Y 4Y
+ Z + Z + 2Z
6X +
13 O2
6 NH? 4OH
ammonium hydroxide
NH41+ OH1-
6 LiCl
Write a balanced equation for the reaction between chlorine and sodium bromide to produce bromine and sodium chloride.
3) Determine the coefficients that make the equation balance. Cl2 + 2 NaBr Br2 + 2 NaCl
Write the balanced equation for the reaction between aluminum sulfate and calcium chloride to form a white precipitate of calcium sulfate.
1) Write a word equation for the reaction.
aluminum sulfate + calcium chloride calcium sulfate + aluminum chloride
3) Determine the coefficients that make the equation balance. Al2(SO4)3 + 3 CaCl2 3 CaSO4 + 2 AlCl3
Reactants Products
+
C(s)
carbon
+
Reactants 1 carbon atom 2 oxygen atoms
O2(g)
oxygen
CO2(g)
carbon dioxide
Product 1 carbon atom 2 oxygen atoms
catalyst speeds up reaction
+ 2 H2(g)
hydrogen
Reactants 2 hydrogen atoms 4 2 oxygen atoms
Pt
O2(g)
oxygen
Pt
2 H2O (l)
water
Product 2 hydrogen atoms 4 1 oxygen atoms 2
Unbalanced
( s)
A reactant or product in the solid state; also used to indicate a precipitate Alternative to (s), but used only to indicate a precipitate
A reactant or product in the liquid state A reactant or product in an aqueous solution (dissolved in water) A reactant or product in the gaseous state
D
2 atm
Reactants are heated Pressure at which reaction is carried out, in this case 2 atm
pressure
0 oC MnO2
NH4NO3 (s) ---> NH4+1 (aq) + NO3-1 (aq) Cu+2 (aq) + 2OH-1 (aq) ---> Cu(OH)2 (s)
Cr(SCN)3 (s) ---> Cr+3 (aq) + 3SCN-1 (aq) 3Pb+2 (aq) + 2AsO4-3 (aq) ---> Pb3(AsO4)2 (s) Si(MnO4)4 (s) ---> Si+4 (aq) + 4MnO4-1 (aq)
A + B AB AB A + B A + BC AC + B
element compound compound element
reaction
BDouble-replacement
reaction
AB + CD AD + CB
compound compound compound compound
HX + BOH BX + HOH
acid base salt water
Bdriving
reaction reaction
BDouble-replacement
Neutralization reaction
Ause
Bdriving
Chemical Equations
+ + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
1 molecule N2 1 mol N2
+ +
3 molecules H2 3 mol H2
Experimental Conditions
Reactants
Products
Before reaction
1 mol N2 2 molecules N2
3 mol H2 3 molecules H2
After reaction
1 molecules N2 0 molecules H2 2 molecules NH3
Synthesis Reaction
Direct combination reaction (Synthesis) 2 Na
Na
Cl2
Cl
Cl
2 NaCl
Synthesis Reaction
Direct combination reaction (Synthesis) 2 Na
Na
Cl2
Cl Cl
2 NaCl
Na+ Cl Cl - Na+
Pb2+ Cl1PbCl2
+
K1+ KI
I1-
K1+
I1-
PbI2 (ppt)
Pb2+ Cl1PbCl2
+
K1+
I1-
K1+
I1-
KI
PbI2 (ppt)
Decomposition Reaction
Decomposition reaction 2 H2 O H 2 H2
O2
O
H
+
H
O
H
General form: AB
compound
General form: A + BC
AC
Double-replacement reaction
CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + H2CO3
General form: AB +
CD
AD
CB
Activity Series
Element Reactivity
Li Rb K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
Ca
Halogen Reactivity
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
ss s s
s s s
n s i
s s s
n s i
i s s
s s s
s s s
i s i
s s i
d s d
calcium
copper (II) iron (II) iron (III) lead magnesium mercury (I) mercury (II) potassium silver sodium zinc
s
s s s
s
s s s
i
i i n
s
s s s
s
i n i
ss
i i i
s
n s n
s
s s s
i
i i i
ss
s s ss
d
i i d
s
s ss s s ss s s
ss
s i ss s i s s
i
i i i s i s i
ss
s i s s i s s
i
s ss ss s ss s s
i
i n i s n s i
ss
s i i s i s s
s
s s s s s s s
i
i i i s i s i
i
s ss d s ss s s
i
d i i s i s i Legend
SOLID i = insoluble SOLIDsoluble ss = slightly AQUEOUS s = soluble d = decomposes n = not isolated
s aq aq
aq aq aq
n aq s
s aq aq
n aq s
s aq aq
aq aq aq
aq aq aq
s aq s
aq aq s
d aq d
calcium
copper (II) iron (II) iron (III) lead magnesium mercury (I) mercury (II) potassium silver sodium zinc
aq
aq aq aq
aq
aq aq aq
s
s s n
aq
aq aq aq
aq
s n s
ss
s s s
aq
n s n
aq
aq aq aq
s
s s s
s
aq aq s
d
s s d
aq
aq s aq aq s aq aq
s
aq s s aq s aq aq
s
s s s aq s aq s
ss
aq s aq aq s aq aq
s
aq s s aq s aq aq
s
s n s aq n aq s
s
aq s s aq s aq aq
aq
aq aq aq aq s aq aq
s
s s s aq s aq s
s
aq s d aq s aq aq
s
d si si aq s aq s Legend
s = solid aq = aqueous d = decomposes n = not isolated
ss s s
s s s
n s i
s s s
n s i
i s s
s s s
s s s
i s i
s s i
d s d
calcium
copper (II) iron (II) iron (III) lead magnesium mercury (I) mercury (II) potassium silver sodium zinc
s
s s s
s
s s s
i
i i n
s
s s s
s
i n i
ss
i i i
s
n s n
s
s s s
i
i i i
ss
s s ss
d
i i d
s
s ss s s ss s s
ss
s i ss s i s s
i
i i i s i s i
ss
s i s s i s s
i
s ss ss s ss s s
i
i n i s n s i
ss
s i i s i s s
s
s s s s s s s
i
i i i s i s i
i
s ss d s ss s s
i
d i i s i s i Legend
s = solid aq = aqueous d = decomposes n = not isolated
Solubility Rules
1. 2. Most nitrates are soluble. Most salts containing Group I ion and ammonium ion, NH4+, are soluble.
3.
Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble, except Ag+, Pb2+ and Hg22+.
Most sulfate salts are soluble, except BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4, and CaSO4. Most hydroxides except Group 1 and Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2 are only slightly soluble. Most sulfides, carbonates, chromates, and phosphates are only slightly soluble.
4. 5.
6.
Ohn-Sabatello, Morlan, Knoespel, Fast Track to a 5 Preparing for the AP Chemistry Examination 2006, page 91
Synthesis Reactions
Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Formation of water 2 H2 + O2 Formation of salt 2 Na + Cl2 General Form A + B C 2 NaCl 2 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Decomposition Reactions
Hydrogen Peroxide 2 H2O2 Electrolysis of water 2 H2O Nitrogen triiodide 2 NI3 General Form AB A + B N2 + 3 I2
electricity
2 H2O
O2
2 H2
O2
+ 2 AlCl3
2 Al
+ 3 MgCl2
Can magnesium replace aluminum? YES, magnesium is more reactive than aluminum. Activity Series
Al
MgCl2
No reaction
Therefore, no reaction will occur. Order of reactants DOES NOT determine how they react.
Can aluminum replace magnesium? NO, aluminum is less reactive than magnesium. Activity Series
MgCl2
Al
No reaction
The question we must ask is can the single element replace its counterpart? metal replaces metal or nonmetal replaces nonmetal.
Single-Replacement Reactions
Activity Series
FeCl2
Cu
Zn(NO3)2
+ H2
Can Zn replace H?
MgCl2
General Form A
Br2
No
MgBr2
Cl2
Li Rb K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
BC
AC + B
How would you prepare potassium nitrate (using a double replacement reaction)?
2 KNO3 + Ca(OH)2
Combine a potassium hydroxide solution with nitric acid to yield soluble potassium nitrate.
KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)
KNO3(aq) + H ? 2O
The water could then be removed by distillation to recover solid potassium nitrate.
Predict if a reaction will occur when you combine aqueous solutions of iron (II) chloride with aqueous sodium carbonate solution. If the reaction does occur, write a Balanced balanced chemical equation showing it. (be sure to include phase notation) iron (II) chloride + sodium carbonate sodium chloride + iron (II) carbonate
Fe2+ Cl1FeCl2
Na1+ CO32Na2CO3
Using a SOLUBILITY TABLE: sodium chloride is soluble iron (II) carbonate is insoluble
FeCl2 (aq)
Na2CO3 (aq)
2 NaCl (aq)
FeCO3 (ppt)
10 mole Na ___
Formation of Ammonia
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g) +
2 atoms N and 6 atoms H 2 molecules NH3 20 molecules NH3 2x 6.02 x 1023 molecules NH3 2 mol NH3 2 x 17 g NH3 34 g products
22.4 L 22.4 L
+ + + + + +
Assume STP
22.4 L
22.4 L
22.4 L
22.4 L
22.4 L N2
67.2 L H2
44.8 L NH3
Proportional Relationships
2 1/4 c. flour 1 tsp. baking soda 1 tsp. salt Conversion Factor 1 c. butter 3/4 c. sugar 3/4 c. brown sugar 1 tsp vanilla extract 2 eggs 2 c. chocolate chips Makes 5 dozen cookies.
5 eggs
5 dozen
2 eggs
Proportional Relationships
Stoichiometry
mass relationships between substances in a chemical reaction based on the mole ratio
Mole Ratio
indicated by coefficients in a balanced equation
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Stoichiometry Steps
1. Write a balanced equation. 2. Identify known & unknown. 3. Line up conversion factors.
Mole ratio Molarratio mass Mole - Molarity Molar volume moles moles moles grams moles moles moles liters soln moles liters gas
Pressure
MASS IN GRAMS
Molar Mass
(g/mol)
MOLES
6.02 1023
particles/mol
NUMBER OF PARTICLES
Molarity (mol/L)
LITERS OF SOLUTION
Stoichiometry Problems
How many moles of KClO3 must decompose in order to produce 9 moles of oxygen gas?
9 mol O2
= 6 mol KClO3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
2 Sb + 3 Cl2 2 SbCl3 2 Mg + O2 2 MgO CaCl2 Ca + Cl2 2 NaClO3 2 NaCl + 3 O2 Fe + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2 CuO + H2 Cu + H2O 2 Al + 3 H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3 H2
1.
2 Sb + 3 Cl2 2 SbCl3
excess 5 mol 7.5 excess x mol mol x mol
5 mol
3
x mol
2 x = 15 x = 7. 5 mol
How many moles of chlorine gas are required to react with 5 moles of antimony? 3 mol Cl2 2 mol Sb
How many moles of SbCl3 are produced from 5 moles of antimony and excess Cl2? 2 mol SbCl3 2 mol Sb
= 5 mol SbCl3
How many moles of SbCl3 are produced from 7.5 moles of Cl2 and excess Sb? 2 mol SbCl3 3 mol Cl2
= 5 mol SbCl3
2.
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
10 mol xL x mol
How many moles of magnesium oxide are produced from the burning of 10 mol of Mg? 2 mol MgO 2 mol Mg
= 10 mol MgO
How many liters of oxygen are needed to burn 10 mol of Mg? Assume 1 mol O2 = 22.4 L 1 mol O2 2 mol Mg 1 mol O2 2 mol Mg 22.4 L O2 1 mol O2
x L O2 = 10 mol Mg
= 5 mol O2
= 112 L O2
x L O2 = 10 mol Mg
22.4 L O2 1 mol O2
= 112 L O2
calcium chloride
calcium
chlorine
3.
CaCl2 Ca + Cl2
8 mol x mol
How many moles of calcium metal and chlorine gas are produced from the decomposition of 8 mol of calcium chloride? x mol Ca = 8 mol CaCl2 1 mol Ca 1 mol CaCl2 = 8 mol Ca
How many moles of calcium metal and chlorine gas are produced from the decomposition of 8 mol of calcium chloride?
x mol Cl2 = 8 mol CaCl2 1 mol Cl2 1 mol CaCl2 = 8 mol Cl2
in solution
NO31
Solubility Chart
Pb2+
NO31 NO31
I 1
Pb2+
solid
I1
Na1+ Na1+
I1 I 1
Na1+ Na1+
NO31
in solution
NO31
Solubility Chart
Zn(OH)2 (ppt)
OH1
OH1
6 NH? 4OH
ammonium hydroxide
NH41+ OH1-
6 LiCl
Identify the spectator ions and write a net ionic equation when an aqueous solution of aluminum sulfate is mixed with aqueous ammonium hydroxide.
Al3+ SO42NH41+ OH1Al3+ OH1NH41+ SO42-
aluminum sulfate +
ammonium sulfate
Meaning of Coefficients
2 atoms Na 1 molecule Cl2 2 molecules NaCl
2 Na + Cl2
2 g sodium + 1 g chlorine
2 mol sodium
(2 mol Na) x (23 g/mol)
2 NaCl
= 2 g sodium chloride
2 mol sodium chloride
(2 mol NaCl) x (58.5 g/mol)
1 mol chlorine
(1 mol Cl2) x (71 g/mol)
46 g
71 g
117 g
117 g
Classes of Reactions
Chemical reactions
Precipitation reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Acid-Base Reactions
Combustion Reactions
Precipitation reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Acid-Base Reactions
Combustion Reactions
Precipitation reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Acid-Base Reactions
Combustion Reactions
Synthesis reactions
Decomposition reactions
Cl
Cl
Loses 2eEach gains 1eOne magnesium ion Mg2+ [(2+) MgCl2
Cl
Two chloride ions Cl12 (1-) = 0]
magnesium chloride
Cl
Mg2+
Cl
Loses 2eEach gains 1eOne magnesium ion Mg2+ [(2+) MgCl2
Cl
Two chloride ions Cl12 (1-) = 0]
magnesium chloride
Outline (general)