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Fundamentals of CDMA

Lesson 1 - Overview
Alexander Sierra

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 1

Basics

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 2

Why CDMA?

C ode D ivision M ultiple A ccess


Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA is extremely robust and provides excellent audio quality

Is the technology of choice for both 800 MHz Cellular and 1900 MHz PCS service providers Satisfies CTIA Users Performance Requirements Provides high capacity (many times the capacity of AMPS) Provides privacy through its coding scheme

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 3

What is Multiple Access?


Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium by multiple, independent users.

Since the beginning of telephony and radio, system operators have tried to squeeze the maximum amount of traffic over each circuit Types of Media -- Examples: Twisted pair - copper Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable Air interface (radio signals) Advantages of Multiple Access Increased capacity: serve more users Reduced capital requirements since fewer media can carry the traffic Decreased per-user expense Easier to manage and administer
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

Transmission

Medium

Each pair of users enjoys a dedicated, private circuit through the transmission medium, unaware that the other users exist.

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 4

Multiple Access Technologies


Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated
pathway through a transmission medium for one users information The physical transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided into individual channels according to different criteria depending on the technology used: Heres how the three most popular technologies establish channels:

FDMA
Power

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

TDMA
Power

each user on a different frequency a channel is a frequency TDMA Time Division Multiple Access each user on a different window period in time (time slot) a channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency CDMA Code Division Multiple Access each user uses the same frequency all the time, but mixed with different distinguishing code patterns a channel is a unique (set of) code pattern(s)
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA
Power

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 5

Defining Our Terms


CDMA Channel or CDMA Carrier or CDMA Frequency Duplex channel made of two 1.25 MHz-wide bands of electromagnetic spectrum, one for Base Station to Mobile Station communication (called the FORWARD LINK or the DOWNLINK) and another for Mobile Station to Base Station communication (called the REVERSE LINK or the UPLINK) in 800 Cellular these two simplex 1.25 MHz bands are 45 MHz apart in 1900 MHz PCS they are 80 MHz apart CDMA Forward Channel the 1.25 MHz Forward Link
CDMA CHANNEL
CDMA Reverse Channel
1.25 MHz

CDMA Reverse Channel the 1.25 MHz Reverse Link

CDMA Forward Channel


1.25 MHz

45 or 80 MHz

CDMA Code Channel each individual stream of 0s and 1s contained in either the CDMA Forward Channel or in the CDMA Reverse Channel Code Channels are characterized (made unique) by mathematical codes code channels in the forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging and Forward Traffic channels code channels in the reverse link: Access and Reverse Traffic channels
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 6

Other Technologies: Avoiding Interference In conventional radio technologies, the desired signal must be strong enough to override any interference AMPS, TDMA and GSM depend on physical distance separation to keep interference at low levels Co-channel users are kept at a safe distance by careful frequency planning Nearby users and cells must use different frequencies to avoid interference
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

AMPS-TDMA-GSM
1 4 7 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 5 1 7 3 5 1 4 2 3 6 5 1 2 7 1

Figure of Merit: C/I


(carrier/interference ratio)

AMPS: +17 dB TDMA: +14 to 17 dB GSM: +12 to 14 dB

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 7

CDMA: Using a New Dimension


All CDMA users occupy the same frequency at the same time! Frequency and time are not used as discriminators CDMA operates by using CODES to discriminate between users CDMA interference comes mainly from nearby users Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable code Transmit power on all users must be tightly controlled so their signals reach the base station at the same signal level
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

Figure of Merit: Ec/Io, Eb/No


(energy per chip [bit] / interference [noise] spectral density)

CDMA: Ec/Io -17 to -2 dB CDMA: Eb/No ~+6 dB

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 8

CDMA Is a Spread-Spectrum System


TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM Spread Spectrum
Slow Information Sent TX Narrowband Signal Slow Information Recovered RX

SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband Signal
Slow Information Sent TX RX Slow Information Recovered

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

Spread Spectrum Payoff:

Processing Gain

Traditional technologies try to squeeze the signal into the minimum required bandwidth Direct-Sequence Spread spectrum systems mix their input data with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data The de-spreading gives substantial gain proportional to the bandwidth of the spreading signal CDMA uses a larger bandwidth but then uses resulting processing gain to increase capacity
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 9

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

Spread Spectrum Principles

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth

30 KHz 1.25 MHz

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 10

Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually spread and then added together to create a composite signal

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 11

Spread Spectrum Principles

Using the right mathematical sequences any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite signal

UNWANTED POWER FROM OTHER SOURCES

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 12

Anything We Can Do, We Can Undo

ORIGINATING SITE
Spread Data Stream (Base Band + Spreading Sequence) Input Data (Base Band)

DESTINATION
Recovered Data (Base Band)

Spreading Sequence

Spreading Sequence

Any data bit stream can be combined with a spreading sequence The resulting signal can be de-spread and the data stream recovered if the original spreading sequence is available and properly synchronized After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intact
Note - The spread sequences actually shown are icons, not accurate or to scale
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 13

Shipping and Receiving via CDMA Shipping FedEx FedEx Receiving

Data

Mailer

Mailer

Data

Whether in shipping and receiving, or in CDMA, packaging is extremely important! Cargo is placed inside nested containers for protection and to allow addressing The shipper packs in a certain order, and the receiver unpacks in the reverse order CDMA containers are spreading codes

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 14

CDMAs Nested Spreading Sequences

ORIGINATING SITE
X+A

Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B

DESTINATION
X+A

Input Data

Recovered Data

X
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence

CDMA combines three different spreading sequences to create unique, robust channels The sequences are easy to generate on both sending and receiving ends of each link The sequences are applied in succession at the sending end and then reapplied in opposite order to recover the original data stream at the receiving end
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 15

How Many Spreading Codes Do We Need? (Discriminating Among Forward Code Channels)
Pilot FW Traffic (for user #1) Paging FW Traffic (for user #3)

Sync

FW Traffic (for user #2)

A Mobile Station, tuned to a particular CDMA frequency, receives a Forward CDMA Channel from a sector in a Base Station. This Forward CDMA Channel carries a composite signal made of up to 64 forward code channels Some of these code channels are traffic channels while other are overhead channels needed by the CDMA system to operate properly. A set of 64 mathematical codes is needed to differentiate the 64 possible forward code channels that can be contained in a Forward CDMA Channel. The codes in this set are called Walsh Codes
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 16

How Many Spreading Codes Do We Need? (Discriminating Among Base Stations)

Up to 64 Code Channels

Up to 64 Code Channels

A mobile Station is surrounded by Base Stations, all of them transmitting on the same CDMA Frequency Each Sector in each Base Station is transmitting a CDMA Forward Traffic Channel containing up to 64 distinct forward code channels A Mobile Station must be able to discriminate between different Sectors of different Base Stations and listen to only one set of code channels Two binary digit sequences called the I and Q Short PN Sequences (or Short PN Codes) are defined for the purpose of identifying sectors of different base stations These Short PN Sequences can be used in 512 different ways in a CDMA system. Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used to identify a particular sector of a particular base station
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 17

How Many Spreading Codes Do We Need? (Discriminating Among Reverse Code Channels)
The CDMA system must be able to uniquely identify each Mobile Station that may attempt to communicate with a Base Station A very large number of Mobile Stations will be in the market One binary digit sequence called the Long PN Sequence (or Long PN Code) is defined for the purpose of uniquely identifying each possible reverse code channel This sequence is extremely long and can be used in trillions of different ways. Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used to identify a particular user (and is then called a User Long Code) or a particular access channel (explained later in this course)
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 18

RV Traffic from M.S. #1837732008

RV Traffic from M.S. #8764349209

System Access Attempt by M.S. #4348769902 (on access channel #1)

RV Traffic from M.S. #223663748

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

Putting it All Together: CDMA Channels


FORWARD CHANNELS LONG CODE: Data Scrambling

WALSH CODE: Individual User SHORT PN OFFSET: Sector


REVERSE CHANNELS

LONG CODE OFFSET: individual handset

WALSH CODES: used as symbols for robustness SHORT PN: used at 0 offset for tracking

BTS

The three spreading codes are used in different ways to create the forward and reverse links A forward channel exists by having a specific Walsh Code assigned to the user, and a specific PN offset for the sector A reverse channel exists because the mobile uses a specific offset of the Long PN sequence
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 19

Code Channels in the Forward Direction


Pilot Paging Walsh 0 Walsh 1 Walsh 6 Walsh 11 Walsh 19 Walsh 20 Sync Walsh 32 Walsh 37 Walsh 41 Walsh 42 Walsh 55 Walsh 56 Walsh 60 PILOT: WALSH CODE 0 The Pilot is a structural beacon which
does not contain a character stream. It is a timing source used in system acquisition and as a measurement device during handoffs

SYNC: WALSH CODE 32 This carries a data stream of system


identification and parameter information used by mobiles during system acquisition

PAGING: WALSH CODES 1 up to 7 There can be from one to seven paging


channels as determined by capacity needs. They carry pages, system parameters information, and call setup orders

TRAFFIC: any remaining WALSH codes The traffic channels are assigned to
individual users to carry call traffic. All remaining Walsh codes are available, subject to overall capacity limited by noise

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 20

Coding Process in the Forward Direction MTX BSC BTS (1 sector) Short PN Code
PN Offset 246 I Q Walsh #0 Pilot Walsh #32 Sync Paging Vocoder Vocoder FEC Walsh #1 FEC CDMA Frequency

Transmitter, Sector X

Walsh #12
FEC Walsh #23 FEC Walsh #27

A Forward Channel is identified by:

its CDMA RF carrier Frequency the unique Short Code PN Offset of the sector the unique Walsh Code of the user

Vocoder
Vocoder more more

FEC
Walsh #44 FEC more

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 21

Code Channels in the Reverse Direction


There are two types of CDMA Reverse Channels: TRAFFIC CHANNELS are used by individual users during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS a reverse traffic channel is defined by a user-specific
public or private Long Code mask there are as many reverse Traffic Channels as there are CDMA phones in the world
BTS

ACCESS CHANNELS are used by mobile stations not yet in a call to transmit registration requests, call setup requests, page responses, order responses, and other signaling information an access channel is defined by a user-independent
public long code mask Access channels are paired with Paging Channels. There can be up to 32 access channels per paging channel

REG
1-800 242 4444

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 22

Coding Process in the Reverse Direction MTX BSC BTS (1 sector)


Long Code Gen Access Channels Channel Element Long Code Gen Vocoder Channel Element
Long Code Gen

A Reverse Channel is identified by: its CDMA RF carrier Frequency the unique Long Code PN Offset of the individual handset
CDMA Frequency Receiver, Sector X User Long Code

User Long Code

Vocoder

Channel Element Long Code Gen

Vocoder

Channel Element Long Code Gen

User Long Code

User Long Code

Vocoder more more

Channel Element more

User Long Code

User Long Code

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 23

Details of Operation

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 24

Variable Rate Vocoding & Multiplexing


(Traffic Channels Only)

Vocoders compress speech, reduce bit rate CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Vocoder
full rate during speech low rates in speech pauses increased capacity more natural sound

DSP QCELP VOCODER


20ms Sample Pitch Filter Codebook Coded Result Feedback Formant Filter

bits 288

Rate Set 2 Frame Sizes Full Rate Frame

Voice, signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMA frames
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

144 1/2 Rate Frame 72 1/4 Rt.

36 1/8
Frame Contents: can be a mixture of Voice Signaling Secondary

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 25

Converting Bits into Symbols


The bits in a 20 ms traffic frame may include one or more of the following voice information (from the vocoder) signaling information secondary traffic information When Forward Error Correction algorithms are applied to these information bits, the resulting 0s and 1s are called symbols bits and symbols are related in a complex many-to-many fashion
the information in one bit is distributed among many symbols, and one symbol carries some of the information of many bits

Bits

Forward Error Correction

Symbols

all forward traffic frames contain 384 symbols all reverse traffic frames contain 576 symbols

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 26

Spreading Symbols into Chips


Symbols are converted into special 64-chip patterns for transmission there are 64 such patterns called Walsh

codes in the forward link, just one of these patterns is assigned to each users stream of symbols (code channel) each 0 symbol is replaced by the selected pattern (Walsh code) each 1 symbol is replaced by the logical negation of the selected pattern in the reverse link, all the 64 patterns (but not their logical negations) are used in every code channel each group of six symbols is interpreted as a binary value in the 0-63 range and replaced by the corresponding Walsh code

Symbols

Coding and Spreading

Chips

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 27

Reverting The Process


To revert the process, first the symbols are recovered as follows in the forward direction, the mobile station correlates
the received signal with the selected Walsh code pattern (integrating the power over 64 chips); a perfect match corresponds to a 0 symbol; a perfect no-match corresponds to a 1 symbol; for anything between these extremes, the mobile station guesses based on which case the partial match resembles closer in the reverse direction, the BTS matches the received signal with each possible Walsh code and selects the pattern that produces the highest degree of correlation as the representation of the last group of six symbols sent

Bits

Viterbi Decoder

Symbols

When all the symbols for a 20 millisecond frame have been recovered, the Viterbi decoder is used to guess the block of bits (frame) that most probably corresponds to this block of symbols Then, the CRC of this frame is calculated to determine if the guess was successful; if not, the frame is discarded (or erased)
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

Despreading (integraton)

Chips

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 28

Spectrum Usage and System Capacity:


Signal Bandwidth, Vulnerability and Frequency Reuse
Each wireless technology (AMPS, NAMPS, D-AMPS, GSM, CDMA) uses a specific modulation type with its own unique signal characteristics The total traffic capacity of a wireless system is determined largely by radio signal characteristics and RF design RF signal vulnerability to Interference dictates how much interference can be tolerated, and therefore how far apart same-frequency cells must be spaced For a specific S/N level, the Signal Bandwidth determines how many RF signals will fit in the operators licensed spectrum AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS
1 3 1 Users 2 3 7 1 6 4 5

30

30

Vulnerability: C/I @ 17 dB 10 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

GSM 8 Users
Vulnerability: C/I @ 12-14 dB 1 4 200 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=4 2 3

CDMA 22 Users
1250 kHz

Vulnerability: Eb/No @ 6 dB

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

17 dB = 101.7 @ 50 14 dB = 101.4 @ 25 12 dB = 101.2 @ 16

1 1

Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 29

Relationship Between Eb/N0 and S/N


Signal Power S E/t Noise Power N

Eb

Bit Rate

B/t

N0

Bandwidth

Signal to Noise S Eb N0

R
= N W =

S R

W N

S N

W R Processing Gain

8 Kb vocoder (Full Rate) 13 Kb vocoder (Full Rate)


Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

W 1,250,000 2.11 = = 130 = 10 = 21.1 dB R 9,600 W 1,250,000 1.94 = = 87 = 10 = 19.4 dB R 14,400


CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 30

S/N Advantage of CDMA


Signal to Noise Processing Gain (W/R) Eb N0 S N X 10 1.94 =

10 0.6

S N

10 0.6 10 1.94
Quality Indicator C/I @ 17 dB C/I @ 17 dB C/I @ 17 dB

10 -1.34 =

-13.4 dB

Technology AMPS N-AMPS D-AMPS GSM CDMA

Modulation Type Analog FM Analog FM DQPSK GMSK QPSK/OQPSK

Channel Bandwidth 30 KHz. 10 KHz. 30 KHz. 200 KHz. 1,250 KHz.

S/N S/N @ 17 dB S/N @ 17 dB S/N @ 17 dB S/N @ 12


to 14

C/I @ 12-14 dB Eb/No @ 6dB

dB

S/N @ 13.4 dB

17 dB = 101.7 @ 50 14 dB = 101.4 @ 25 12 dB = 101.2 @ 16


Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

-13.4 dB = 10-1.34 @ 0.046 =

1 22

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 31

Overlaying CDMA on an AMPS System


1.77 MHz

Power

260 KHz

1.25 MHz Nominal Bandwidth

260 KHz

GUARD BAND

CDMA CARRIER

GUARD BAND

Frequency

Each CDMA Channel: 1.250 MHz 30 kHz = 41.7 = ~41 AMPS channels Each Guard Band: 260 kHz 30 kHz = 8.7 = ~9 AMPS channels TOTAL: 1.77 MHz 30 kHz = 59 AMPS channels
AVAILABLE
41 AMPS channels 41 AMPS channels 41 AMPS channels

AVAILABLE

CDMA

CDMA
41 AMPS channels

CDMA

CDMA

CDMA

9 AMPS channels

Minimum Separation between AMPS/TDMA and CDMA center frequency: (1,250 kHz 2) + 260 kHz = 885 kHz

885 MHz

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 32

CDMA Frequency Channel Assignment


1 1023 991 334 333 667 666 716 715 799

A
Channel Numbers

A (non-Wireline)

B (Wireline)

1013

31

73

115

157

199

241

283

384

426

468

510

552

594

636

691

777

*
CDMA A-Band Carriers CDMA B-Band Carriers

**

Requires frequency coordination with non-cellular interferers A-band carrier

** Requires frequency coordination with


A Band Primary Channel A Band Secondary Channel 283 691 B Band Primary Channel B Band Secondary Channel 384 777

IS-95 RECOMMENDS TO START CDMA DEPLOYMENT WITH EITHER THE PRIMARY OR THE SECONDARY CHANNEL
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 33

CDMA Frequency Clearing: A-band


(N=7 Reuse Pattern)

To deploy a CDMA carrier centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 283, AMPS/TDMA Channels 254 through 312, inclusive, must be cleared from the CDMA coverage area The CDMA channel is implemented, centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 283. The first usable AMPS/TDMA Channels (outside of the Guard Zone) are Channels 253 and 313

N=7

a
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B

b
4B 5B 6B 7B

g
1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C

333 312 291 270 249 228 207 186 165 144 123 102 81 60 39 18

332 311 290 269 248 227 206 185 164 143 122 101 80 59 38 17

331 310 289 268 247 226 205 184 163 142 121 100 79 58 37 16

330 309 288 267 246 225 204 183 162 141 120 99 78 57 36 15

329 308 287 266 245 224 203 182 161 140 119 98 77 56 35 14

328 307 286 265 244 223 202 181 160 139 118 97 76 55 34 13

327 306 285 264 243 222 201 180 159 138 117 96 75 54 33 12

326 305 284 263 242 221 200 179 158 137 116 95 74 53 32 11

325 304 283 262 241 220 199 178 157 136 115 94 73 52 31 10

324 303 282 261 240 219 198 177 156 135 114 93 72 51 30 9

323 302 281 260 239 218 197 176 155 134 113 92 71 50 29 8

322 301 280 259 238 217 196 175 154 133 112 91 70 49 28 7

321 300 279 258 237 216 195 174 153 132 111 90 69 48 27 6

320 299 278 257 236 215 194 173 152 131 110 89 68 47 26 5

319 298 277 256 235 214 193 172 151 130 109 88 67 46 25 4

318 297 276 255 234 213 192 171 150 129 108 87 66 45 24 3

317 296 275 254 233 212 191 170 149 128 107 86 65 44 23 2

316 295 274 253 232 211 190 169 148 127 106 85 64 43 22 1

315 294 273 252 231 210 189 168 147 126 105 84 63 42 21

314 293 272 251 230 209 188 167 146 125 104 83 62 41 20

313 292 271 250 229 208 187 166 145 124 103 82 61 40 19

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 34

Overlay Guard Zone Deployment


The Guard Zones are needed between CDMA and other systems because CDMA increases the noise floor for those systems AMPS Only Cells
approx 19 channels per sector

AMPS Only Cells (GUARD ZONE)


approx 16 channels per cell

CDMA & AMPS Cells


approx 16 channels per sector one CDMA channel/carrier/frequency

( 42 + 9 + 9 ) 21 = 2.8 = ~3 AMPS channels must be cleared per sector in the CDMA & AMPS area and in the Guard Zone to make room for the first CDMA channel/carrier/frequency
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 35

CDMA Frequency Clearing: B-band


(N=7 Reuse Pattern)

To deploy a CDMA carrier centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 384, AMPS/TDMA Channels 355 through 413, inclusive, must be cleared from the CDMA coverage area The CDMA channel is implemented, centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 384. The first usable AMPS/TDMA Channels (outside of the Guard Zone) are Channels 354 and 414

N=7

a
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B

b
4B 5B 6B 7B

g
1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C

334 355 376 397 418 439 460 481 502 523 544 565 586 607 628 649

335 356 377 398 419 440 461 482 503 524 545 566 587 608 629 650

336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 546 567 588 609 630 651

337 358 379 400 421 442 463 484 505 526 547 568 589 610 631 652

338 359 380 401 422 443 464 485 506 527 548 569 590 611 632 653

339 360 381 402 423 444 465 486 507 528 549 570 591 612 633 654

340 361 382 403 424 445 466 487 508 529 550 571 592 613 634 655

341 362 383 404 425 446 467 488 509 530 551 572 593 614 635 656

342 363 384 405 426 447 468 489 510 531 552 573 594 615 636 657

343 364 385 406 427 448 469 490 511 532 553 574 595 616 637 658

344 365 386 407 428 449 470 491 512 533 554 575 596 617 638 659

345 366 387 408 429 450 471 492 513 534 555 576 597 618 639 660

346 367 388 409 430 451 472 493 514 535 556 577 598 619 640 661

347 368 389 410 431 452 473 494 515 536 557 578 599 620 641 662

348 369 390 411 432 453 474 495 516 537 558 579 600 621 642 663

349 370 391 412 433 454 475 496 517 538 559 580 601 622 643 664

350 371 392 413 434 455 476 497 518 539 560 581 602 623 644 665

351 372 393 414 435 456 477 498 519 540 561 582 603 624 645 666

352 373 394 415 436 457 478 499 520 541 562 583 604 625 646

353 374 395 416 437 458 479 500 521 542 563 584 605 626 647

354 375 396 417 438 459 480 501 522 543 564 585 606 627 648

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 36

CDMA 800 MHz Cellular Spectrum Usage


Channel Numbers 1 1023 1 1023 991 824 MHz 334 333 667 666

A
1

A
10

B
10

A
1.5

Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits) Possible CDMA Center Freq. Assignments

All CDMA RF carriers are 1.25 MHz. wide can serve ~22 users w/8 kb vocoder (~17 users w/13 kb vocoder) The cellular spectrum of one operator is 12.5 MHz. wide. Youd expect that 10 CDMA carriers would fit. However, only 9 carriers can be used operators must maintain a token AMPS presence for several years guard bands are required at the edges of frequency blocks or any frequency boundaries between CDMA/non-CDMA signals no guard bands are required between adjacent CDMA carriers
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 37

717 716

799

B
2.5

other uses

991

334 333

667 666

717 716

799

A
1

A
10

B
10

A
1.5

B
2.5
894 MHz

849 MHz

869 MHz

Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)

~300 kHz. guard bands possibly required if adjacentfrequency signals are non-CDMA (AMPS, TDMA, ESMR, etc.)

Number of Voice Channels (As AMPS Channels Are Converted to Digital)

Number of Voice Channels

200 200

8 kbps CDMA

150 150
100 100 50 50 0 0

13 kbps CDMA

S4 TDMA S1
8 10 9 10 21 32 43 54 65 76 87 9 Number of CDMA Carriers AMPS

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 38

Overlaying CDMA on the 1900 MHz Band


1.77 MHz

Power

260 KHz

1.25 MHz Nominal Bandwidth

260 KHz

GUARD BAND

CDMA CARRIER

GUARD BAND

Frequency

Each CDMA Channel: 1.250 MHz 50 kHz = 25 channels Each Guard Band: TOTAL: 260 kHz 50 kHz = 5.2 = ~5 channels

1.77 MHz 50 kHz = 35.4 = ~ 35 channels

Just as with the CDMA on AMPS overlay, a GUARD ZONE is also needed

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 39

CDMA PCS 1900 MHz Spectrum Usage


Guard Bands Channel Numbers 0 MTA Licensed Unlicensed 0 Data Voice 1199 300 299 B T A 400 MTA 700 699 B T A

Paired Bands
Licensed 1199

800
B T A

900 BTA

300 299 MTA B T A

400 MTA

700 699 B T A

800 B T A

900 BTA

A
15
1850 MHz

D
5

B
15

E F
5 5

C
15
1910 MHz

A
10 10
1930 MHz

D
5

B
15

E F
5 5

C
15
1990 MHz

15

Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits)

Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)

A, B, and C licenses can accommodate 11 CDMA RF channels in their 30 MHz of spectrum D, E, and F licenses can accommodate 3 CDMA RF channels in their 10 MHz of spectrum 260 kHz guard bands are required on the edges of the PCS spectrum to ensure no interference occurs with other applications just outside the spectrum
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 40

Nortel CDMA System Architecture

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 41

Nortel CDMA System Architecture MTX


SLM CM

GPS
GPSR

BSC-BSM

BTS
GPS
GPSR

BSM DMS-BUS LPP ENET LPP TFU1 CDSU CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2

CDSU CDSU

CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC

TFU

CDSU
CDSU CDSU

Sa Sb Sc

DTCs

CDSU

Txcvr A Txcvr B Txcvr C

RFFE A RFFE B RFFE C

SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors

PSTN & Billing Other MTXs

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 42

Signal Flow: Two-Stage Metamorphosis MTX


SLM CM

GPS
GPSR

BSC-BSM

BTS
GPS
GPSR

BSM DMS-BUS LPP ENET LPP TFU1 CDSU CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2

CDSU CDSU

CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC

TFU

Packets
CDSU CDSU CDSU

CDSU

Sa Sb Sc

DS0 in T1
DTCs

Chips
Channel Element RF

Txcvr A Txcvr B Txcvr C

RFFE A RFFE B RFFE C

SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors

Vocoder

PSTN

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 43

Architecture: The MTX

MTX
SLM CM

DMS-BUS LPP ENET LPP

Ch.T1
DTCs IOC

Primary functions Call Processing Mobility Management HLR-VLR access Intersystem call delivery (IS-41C) CDMA Inter-MTX handover (IS-41C) BSC Unch. T1 Billing Data Capture CDMA Calling Features & Services SBS Collecting System OMs, Pegs High reliability, redundancy
MAP, VDUs

CCS7

Ch T1 Billing

PSTN & Other MTXs

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 44

Architecture: The BSC BSC


Primary functions vocoding soft handoff management FER-based power control BTSs routing of all traffic and control packets Scaleable architecture expand SBS to keep pace with traffic growth expandable DISCO

GPS

GPSR
TFU1

BSM

CDSU CDSU

MTX LPP

CDSU

DISCO 1

CDSU
CDSU CDSU CDSU

CDSU

DISCO 2

MTX (voice trunks)

SBS
Vocoders Selectors

T1 channelized (24 DS0) T1 unchannelized BCN link (HDLC)


Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 45

Architecture: The BTS


Primary function: Air link generate, radiate, receive CDMA RF signal IS-95/J.Std. 8 high-efficiency T1 backhaul test capabilities Configurations 1, 2, or 3 sectors 800 MHz.: indoor 1900 MHz.: self-contained outdoor, remotable RFFEs future: 1900 MHz. indoor, 800 & 1900 multi-carrier options

BTS
GPS
GPSR CDSU DISCO TFU

BSC
Ch. Card ACC

Sa Sb Sc

Txcvr A Txcvr B Txcvr C

RFFE A RFFE B RFFE C

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 46

Architecture: The BSM


NORTEL CDMA BSM

BSM
Ethernet LAN

X-Windows terminals

GNP TELCO WORKSERVER SHELF --------HIGH AVAILABILITY

BSM Workstation

BCN Links
GPS
GPSR CDSU TFU1 CDSU CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2 CDSU CDSU CDSU CDSU CDSU
Ch. Card ACC

BSC

BTS
CDSU DISCO TFU

GPS
GPSR

Primary functions: OA&M for CDMA components Configuration management BSC, BTS configuration and parameters Fault management Alarm Reporting Performance management interface for CDMA statistics and peg counts collection Security management Unix-based

Sa Sb Sc

Txcvr A Txcvr B Txcvr C

RFFE A RFFE B RFFE C

SBS
Vocoders Selectors

Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font

CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 47

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