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CARTILAGE
Early Fetal Life: Forms most of the skeleton Persists in adults over the articular surfaces of bones Sole skeletal support in the respiratory passage and parts of the ear
MATRIX contains:
Collagenous Fibers
for increase in the tensile strength
Adapt the tissue to the mechanical requirements of the different regions of the body without permanent distortion
MESENCHYME surrounding the enlarging mass of cartilage is compressed and forms a fibrous envelope the PERICHONDRIUM.
2. Appositional or EXOGENOUS
1. addition of new layers of cartilage to one surface 2. results from differentiation within the inner layer of PERICHONDRIUM
Cartilage
A. Contains water, but no nerves, vascular & lymph vessels B. There are 3 basic types.
1. Hyaline - smooth, glassy, highly collagenic a.articular - joints b. costal - ribs c. respiratory d. laryngeal - larynx e. nasal
2. Elastic a. external ear b. epiglottis 3. Fibrocartilage a. intervertebral discs b. knee joints
Note: The differences in the KIND and ABUNDANCE OF FIBERS incorporated within the matrix form the basis of
classification
HYALINE CARTILAGE
appears as a translucent, bluish-white mass in fresh conditions forms the articular surfaces to bone within joints, the costal cartilages,and the cartilages of the nose, larynx, trachea, and the bronchi in the fetus, nearly all the skeleton is first laid down as HYALINE cartilage, which is replaced later by bone.
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
fresh elastic cartilage has a yellowish color owing to the presence of elastin in the elastic fibers found in the external ear, the walls of the external auditory canals, the eustachian tubes, the epiglottis, and the cuneiform cartilage in the larynx. Elastic cartilage is essentially identical to hyaline cartilage except that it contains an ABUNDANT NETWORK OF FINE ELASTIC FIBERS in addition to the collagen fibers. frequently found to be gradually continuous with hyaline cartilage Like hyaline cartilage possesses a perichondrium.
FIBROCARTILAGE
transitional form between cartilage and dense connective tissue occurs where a tough support or tensile strength is required found in the intervertebral disc of certain other joints NEVER occurs alone, but merges gradually into neighboring hyaline cartilage or with dense fibrous tissue. Lacks a perichondrium.
Bone as a Tissue
Connective tissue with a matrix hardened by minerals (calcium phosphate) Individual bones consist of bone tissue, marrow, blood, cartilage and periosteum Continually remodels itself Functions of the skeletal system
support, protection, movement, electrolyte balances, acid-base balance and blood formation
65% inorganic (Ca) 35% organic (34% collagen, ..) (1% cells)
Shapes of Bones
Long bones levers acted upon by muscles Short bones glide across one another in multiple directions Flat bones protect soft organs
Joint surface covered with articular cartilage Shaft covered with periosteum
outer fibrous layer of collagen inner osteogenic layer of bone forming cells
External and internal surfaces composed of compact bone Middle layer is spongy bone and bone marrow Skull fracture may leave inner layer of compact bone unharmed
Bone cells
Osteogenic cells in endosteum, periosteum or central canals give rise to new osteoblasts
arise from embryonic fibroblasts multiply continuously
Osteoblasts mineralize organic matter of matrix Osteocytes are osteoblasts trapped in the matrix they formed
cells in lacunae connected by gap junctions inside canaliculi
Osteoclasts develop in bone marrow by fusion of 350 stem cells Reside in pits that they ate into the bone
Dry weight = 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter Organic matter
collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
Inorganic matter
85% hydroxyapatite 10% calcium carbonate other minerals (fluoride, potassium, magnesium)
Compact Bone
Osteon = basic structural unit
cylinders formed from layers (lamellae) of matrix around central canal (osteonic canal)
collagen fibers alternate between right- and left-handed helices from lamella to lamella
osteocytes connected to each other and their blood supply by tiny cell processes in canaliculi
Spongy Bone
Spongelike appearance formed by plates of bone called trabeculae
spaces filled with red bone marrow
Bone Marrow
In medullary cavity (long bone) and among trabeculae (spongy bone) Red marrow like thick blood reticular fibers and immature cells Hemopoietic (produces blood cells) in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle and proximal heads of femur and humerus in adults Yellow marrow fatty marrow of long bones in adults Gelatinous marrow of old age yellow marrow replaced with reddish jelly
Intramembranous Ossification
Condensation of mesenchyme into trabeculae Osteoblasts on trabeculae lay down osteoid tissue (uncalcified bone) Calcium phosphate is deposited in the matrix forming bony trabeculae of spongy bone Osteoclasts create marrow cavity Osteoblasts form compact bone at surface Surface mesenchyme produces periosteum
Intramembranous Ossification 1
Intramembranous Ossification 2
Endochondral Ossification 1
Bone develops from pre-existing model
perichondrium and hyaline cartilage
Most bones develop this process Formation of primary ossification center and marrow cavity in shaft of model
bony collar developed by osteoblasts chondrocytes swell and die stem cells give rise to osteoblasts and clasts bone laid down and marrow cavity created
Endochondral Ossification 2
The Metaphysis
Zone of reserve cartilage = hyaline cartilage Zone of proliferation
chondrocytes multiply forming columns of flat lacunae
greater density and mass of bone in athletes or manual worker is an adaptation to stress
Dwarfism
Achondroplastic
long bones stop growing in childhood
normal torso, short limbs
Pituitary
lack of growth hormone normal proportions with short stature
Healing of Fractures 1
Normally 8 - 12 weeks (longer in elderly) Stages of healing
fracture hematoma (1) - clot forms, then osteogenic cells form granulation tissue soft callus (2)
fibroblasts produce fibers and fibrocartilage
Healing of Fractures 2