The Finite Element Method

Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.

(modified 2010-02-02)
1
The Finite Element Method

Lecture 7;
Introductory 2-dimensional elastostatics; cont.
(Ch. 8 in the book)
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
2
Introductory 2-dimensional elastostatics; cont.

We will now continue our study of 2-dim. elastostatics, and focus on a
somewhat more advanced element then the CST-element, namely the
4-noded bilinear (and isoparametric) element.
x
y
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
) , (
4 4 e e
y x
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
However, let us first start
with a quick review of the
CST-element!
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
3
Review- the CST-element
x
y
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
We do not use any
elementwise/local
coordinate system;
only the global
one!
Counter-
clockwise
numbering of
the nodes
) , (
1 1 e e
y x
) , (
2 2 e e
y x
) , (
3 3 e e
y x
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
4
The CST-element; cont.
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
| |
e
k
| | K
| |
e
T
e
V B
| |

e
T
e
C
On the previous lecture we found the
following transformation diagram
e
v
3
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
5
The CST-element; cont.
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
| |
e
k
| | K
| |
e
T
e
V B
| |

e
T
e
C

(
(
(

xy
y
x
xy
y
x
E

c
c
v
v
u
v
t
o
o
2 / ) 1 ( 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
6
The CST-element; cont.
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
| |
e
k
| | K
| |
e
T
e
V B
| |

e
T
e
C
)
`

(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

e
e
xye
ye
xe
v
u
x y
y
x
0
0

c
c
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
7
The CST-element; cont.
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
| |
e
k
| | K
| |
e
T
e
V B
| |

e
T
e
C

=
)
`

e
e
e
e
e
e
e e e
e e e
e
e
v
u
v
u
v
u
N N N
N N N
v
u
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
The rest of the
diagram as usual!

Now, what do we
get for our 4-
noded element?
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
3
e
v
3
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
8
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
| |
e
k
| | K
| | tdA B
T
e
}
_
| |

e
T
e
C
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
As for CST-element!
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
9
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
| |
e
k
| | K
| | tdA B
T
e
}
_
| |

e
T
e
C
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
Since the stress/strain fields will not be constant in a 4-noded
element, the strain energy must be written as an integral.
From this it follows (by MPE) that we get an integral in the
transformation diagram!
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
10
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
| |
e
k
| | K
| |

e
T
e
C

=
)
`

e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e e e
e e e e
e
e
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
N N N N
N N N N
v
u
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
Not easy, as
in the CST-
case, to find
the shape
functions N1e
to N4e!
| | dA t B
T
e
}
_
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
11
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
f
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ } D
{ } F
| |
e
C
{ }
e
o
{ }
e
c
| |
e
E
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
| |
e
k
| | K
| |

e
T
e
C
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
The basic method to set up the shape functions for a 4-noded element is
to introduce an additional elementwise/local (so called natural)
coordinate system. However, before that, we will look a little bit at the
lower left part of the transformation diagram!
| | tdA B
T
e
}
_
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
12
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
More specifically, let us split the matrix [] in two parts
(which is not against the law :)
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
13
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
c
c
| |
e
B
We have
)
`

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(
(

=
)
`

(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
xye
ye
xe
v
u
y
x
y
x
y
v
x
v
y
u
x
u
v
u
x y
y
x


0
0
0
0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0
0

c
c
| |
I
B
| | c
{ }
e
u c
i.e.
{ } | |{ } | |{ } | || |{ }
e I e I e e
u B u B u c = c = c =
c
c
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
14
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
e
B
The lower left part of the transformation diagram may thus be
rewritten as shown below.
And why is that fine, one may ask?
Well, as we soon will see, it opens the way to make an
advantage of an additionally introduced natural coordinate
system!
| |
I
B | | c
{ }
e
u c
Previously we had [] here!
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
15
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
e
B
Let us now introduce the natural
coordinate system according to the
illustration, where the symbol n in
the transformation diagram
indicates that an entity/quantity
depends on the natural
coordinates.
| |
I
B
| | c
{ }
e
u c
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
x
y

q
1
1
1
1
e
n
1 e
n
2
e
n
3
e
n
4
{ }
e
n
u c { }
e
n
u
| |
n
c
| |
n
N
| |
e
n
T
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
u
2
e
v
2 e
v
1
e
u
1
e
u
4
e
v
4
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
16
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
e
B
Bilinear shape functions are easy to set up
in the natural coordinates!
| |
I
B
| | c
{ }
e
u c
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
x
y

q
1
1
1
1
e
n
1
e
n
2
e
n
3
e
n
4
{ }
e
n
u c { }
e
n
u
| |
n
c
| |
n
N
| |
e
n
T
1
( )( ) q = 1 1
4
1
1
N
N1
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
17
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
e
B
| |
I
B
| | c
{ }
e
u c
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
x
y

q
1
1
1
1
e
n
1
e
n
2
e
n
3
e
n
4
{ }
e
n
u c { }
e
n
u
| |
n
c
| |
n
N
| |
e
n
T
1
( )( ) q + = 1 1
4
1
2
N
N2
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
18
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
e
B
| |
I
B
| | c
{ }
e
u c
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
x
y

q
1
1
1
1
e
n
1
e
n
2
e
n
3
e
n
4
{ }
e
n
u c { }
e
n
u
| |
n
c
| |
n
N
| |
e
n
T
1
( )( ) q + + = 1 1
4
1
3
N
N3
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
19
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
e
B
| |
I
B
| | c
{ }
e
u c
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
x
y

q
1
1
1
1
e
n
1
e
n
2
e
n
3
e
n
4
{ }
e
n
u c { }
e
n
u
| |
n
c
| |
n
N
| |
e
n
T
1
( )( ) q + = 1 1
4
1
4
N
N4
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
20
e
n
1
e
n
3
e
n
2
e
u
2
e
v
1
e
u
1
e
v
2
e
u
4
e
v
4
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
n
4
x
y

q
1
1
1
1
e
n
1
e
n
2
e
n
3
e
n
4
1
( )( ) q = 1 1
4
1
1
N
N1
As can be seen, we will for simplicity
skip the index n when writing the
natural shape functions!
However, there is no risk of confusing
things, since we only will set up the
shape functions in the natural
coordinates.
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
21
( )( ) q = 1 1
4
1
1
N
( )( ) q + = 1 1
4
1
2
N
( )( ) q + + = 1 1
4
1
3
N
( )( ) q + = 1 1
4
1
4
N
4
1
) 0 , 0 (
1
= N
4
1
) 0 , 0 (
2
= N
4
1
) 0 , 0 (
3
= N
4
1
) 0 , 0 (
4
= N

=
)
`

e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e e e
e e e e
e
e
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
N N N N
N N N N
v
u
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
( )
( )
e e e e e
e e e e e
v v v v v
u u u u u
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4
1
) 0 , 0 (
4
1
) 0 , 0 (
+ + + =
+ + + =
We note
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
22
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
e
B
| |
I
B
| | c
{ }
e
u c

q
1
1
1
1
e
n
1 e
n
2
e
n
3
e
n
4
{ }
e
n
u c { }
e
n
u
| |
n
c
| |
n
N
| |
e
n
T
e
u
3
e
v
3
e
u
2
e
v
2 e
v
1
e
u
1
e
u
4
e
v
4
)
`

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
e
e
e
e
e
e
v
u
v
v
u
u
q

0
0
0
0
Please observe! These displacement
components depend on the natural
coordinates!
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
23
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
e
B
| |
I
B
| | c
{ }
e
u c
{ }
e
n
u c { }
e
n
u
| |
n
c
| |
n
N
| |
e
n
T

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
y
v
x
v
y
u
x
u
y x
y x
y x
y x
v
v
u
u
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
q q

q q

q

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
The sub-matrix found in the
transformation matrix [Tn]e is
called the Jacobean matrix of
the coordinate change, and
will be denoted [J]!
The chain rule implies
[Tn]e
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
24
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
e
B
| |
I
B
| | c
{ }
e
u c
{ }
e
n
u c { }
e
n
u
| |
n
c
| |
n
N
| |
e
n
T
Thus, the strain-displacement matrix [B]e is given by the following expression
| | | || | | || |
n n
e
n I e
N T B B c =
1
Since we already are in full control of [BI], [n]
and [Nn], it just remains to find the inverse of
the transformation matrix [Tn]e! We have | |
| | | |
| | | |

(

=
J
J
T
e
n
0
0
| |
| | | |
| | | |
(

1
1
1
0
0
J
J
T
e
n
| |
(

11 21
12 22
21 12 22 11
1
1
J J
J J
J J J J
J
see Eqs. 8.72 - 8.74 in the book
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
25
{ }
e
u
{ }
e
d
| |
e
N
{ }
e
c
| |
e
B
| |
I
B
| | c
{ }
e
u c
{ }
e
n
u c { }
e
n
u
| |
n
c
| |
n
N
| |
e
n
T
Thus, we must fix [J]!
| | | || | | || |
n n
e
n I e
N T B B c =
1
| |
| | | |
| | | |
(

=
J
J
T
e
n
0
0
If we choose to interpolate the coordinates
in the same way as the displacements
(so called isoparametry), we have
{ }

| |
{ }

nod
e
e
x
e
e
e
e
n
x
e
e
y
y
x
N
y
x

=
)
`

4
1
1
:
and can find [J] by differentiating
the expression for {x}e in an
appropriate way- ALL DONE!
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.
The Finite Element Method
Lecture 7; Introd. 2-dim. elastostatics; cont.
(modified 2010-02-02)
26
In order to calculate the element stiffness, we must take care of the integral
| | | | | | | | tdA B E B k
e
e
T
e e
}
=
This integration (in the natural coordinates) is done numerically by so
called Gauss-quadrature (see the book), which basically means that we
evaluate the integrand at a number of points, and multiply with an
associated area. Depending on element type, a certain number of
evaluation points are needed, which for our 4-noded element i 4.
It must finally be noted that also the above element sometimes behaves
poorly, and that a higher order element then must be used.
The bilinear 4-noded element; cont.