CHAPTER 6

Evaluating Deductive Arguments

Deduction Induction
and

All arguments claim to provide support- that is, evidence or reasons- for their conclusions.
Traditionally, arguments have been divided into two types: Deductive Argument 2. Inductive Argument
1.

DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

conclusions of these arguments are established by the premises with absolute certainty. each conclusion flows from its premises with logical necessity.

This means that, given the premises, the conclusion could not be possibly false.

DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
Examples: All crustaceans are arthropods. All spiders are arthropods. Therefore, all spiders are crustaceans.
Quartz scratches glass. Therefore, quartz is harder than glass.

Examples: If the sun is star And sun has planets Therefore, some stars have planets

All men are mortal Socrates was a man Socrates was mortal

INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

simply claim that their conclusions are likely or probable given the premises offered.

Example:
Maria has good study habits and is always attentive in class discussions. She is a consistent deans lister and has never failed in any subject she has taken. Therefore, it is very probable that Maria will not fail in her P-101 class.

Examples: Socrates was Greek Most Greeks eat fish Socrates ate fish You have a very good friend circle Therefore, you are very good

INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
Truth of the premises cannot absolutely rule out the possibility that the conclusion will be false.
In other words, the conclusion might turn out to be false even the premises are true.

INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
Example:
The car cant start even though there is plenty of gasoline in the tank. It is likely that the battery is already exhausted.

It is sometimes said that the basic difference between deduction and induction is that:

INDUCTION moves from particular premises to general conclusions. DEDUCTION moves from general premises to particular conclusions.

Examples:

DEDUCTION
Three is a prime number. Five is a prime number. Seven is a prime number. (particular premise) Therefore, all odd numbers between two and eight are prime numbers. (general conclusion) INDUCTION All of J.K.Rowlings previous books have been bestsellers. (general premise) Therefore, her next book will probably ba a bestseller. (particular conclusion)

Differences Between Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Deductive Arguments claim that

Inductive Arguments claim that

If the premises are true, then the conclusion is certainly true. The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

If the premises are true, then the conclusion is probably true. The conclusion follows probably from the premises.

Differences Between Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Deductive Arguments claim that

Inductive Arguments claim that

The premises provide conclusive evidence for the truth of the conclusion. The truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

The premises provide good evidence for the truth of the conclusions. The truth of the premises makes the truth of the conclusion likely.

To determine whether an argument is deductive or inductive, here are some common indicator words:

DEDUCTIVE INDICATOR WORDS

certainly definitely absolutely conclusively it is logically to conclude that this logically implies that this entails that it must be the case that

INDUCTIVE INDICATOR WORDS

probably likely chances are one would expect that it is plausible to support that it is reasonable to presume that

When no indicator words are present to help us decide whether an argument is deductive or inductive, we just have to base our judgment on the content of the premises and conclusion of the argument.

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!! ^____________^