ME 1303 GAS DYNAMICS

AND JET PROPULSION

Presented by




G.Kumaresan
AREA RATIO AS FUNCTION OF MACH NUMBER
For Isentropic flow, look at effect of area change on M by comparing A at any
point to area at sonic point A*





Use mass conservation to find relation
c
c
A
A
c A Ac
* *
*
* * *
= =
=

2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
*
1 * *
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
= = =
M
M
M c
a
c
c

2
1
2
1
1
1
2 1 *
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
+
= M
M c
c

We know that
(2)
(1)


Cont..
1
1
1
1
1
2 *

|
.
|

\
|
+

+
+
=

(3)
Substitute 2 and 3 in 1
) 1 ( 2
1
2
1
1
1
2 1
*

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
+
=

M
M A
A
In many compressible flow calculations the function A/A* ( p/p
0
)occurs frequently.
This can also be obtained as a function of Mach number from the above and
below equation.

1
2
0
M
2
1
1
p
p

|
.
|

\
|

+ =
(4)
(5)
( ) ( )
2 1
2
1 2 1
0
M
2
1
1
1
2
M
1
P
P
A
A
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
-
Using 4 & 5


Cont..


Impulse Function (F)
The thrust experienced by the duct in the direction shown is a
result of changes in pressure and M between the cross
sections 1 and 2.
The terms pA and AC
2
occur frequently in compressible flow
equations. Since both these terms have same unit, they are
defined by a parameter F, Impulse function or the wall force
function


Cont..
By momentum equation the Thrust is given by
) ( ) (
2
1 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 2 2
c A A p c A A p t + + =
(1)
For a perfect gas
2
2
2 2
pM
RT
c
p c
RT
p
c =

= =
(2)
The impulse function is
2
Ac pA F + =
(3)
Equations (3) and (2) give
) M 1 ( pA F
2
+ =
(4)


Cont..
Substituting Equation (4) in (1) yields
) M 1 ( A p ) M 1 ( A p
F F
2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2
1 2
+ + = t
= t
The thrust due to the fluid flow between two sections of a
duct can be obtained by the change of the impulse function
between these sections.

At M=1, F=F* and eqn. (4) reduces to

) 1 ( A p F + =
- - -


Problem 1
A gas is isentropically expanded from p=10 bar and
t=525C in a nozzle to a pressure of 7.6 bar. If the rate of
flow of the gas is 1.5 kg/s determine: (a) temperature and
velocity at the nozzle throat and exit; (b) maximum possible
velocity attainable by the gas and (c)the type of the nozzle
and its exit area. Take =1.3 and R=0.464 kJ/kg K
Solution

Given:
P=10 bar; P=7.6 bar; T=798 K
T=749 K


Cont..
Since the M at exit is less than 1, the given nozzle is
convergent type; the throat and exit are same.


Cont..