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General properties and classification Viral replication and methods of identification Mechanisms by which viruses cause disease Host defenses against viruses Main clinical features Principles of treatment and prevention
Poxviruses
Large , enveloped, DNA virus. Family Poxviridae The virion is large, brick shaped Four genera of poxviruses may infect humans: 1. orthopox 2. parapox 3. yatapox 4. molluscipox
Viral replication
Virion attaches to a cell surface receptor Inside cell virus uncoats genome core released Proteins necessary for genome replication produced Viral particle assembled in Cytoplasm of host cell Time from cell infection to cell death 12hours
Historical importance
Earliest recorded case EGYPT 2000BC Spread to INDIA 1ST century BC. From Asia to Europe 800AD. Americas - early 16th century. Defeat of the Aztecs (South America) was due to a smallpox epidemic. (in two years over 3.2 million Aztecs died. )Defeat of the Native Americans (Red Indians) -?? Bio terrorism
Earliest attempt at IMMUNIZATION Variolization Edward Jenner 1796 Vaccination with Cow pox virus Eradication of small pox 1978 due to successful global vaccination
Vaccinia virus
Common ancestral virus for Variola, Vaccinia and Cow pox viruses Vaccinia virus :used as a vaccine, replicates at the site of inoculation, forming local erythematous maculopapules. These maculopapules then vesiculate (ie, jennerian vesicles), scar, and heal over 10-14 days Associated with tenderness and fever Cannot cause Small pox, but can cause fatal Vaccinia infection rarely Present day used to vaccinate military and health care workers at risk in USA
Following vaccination for smallpox, patient with leukemia developed vaccinia gangrenosum.
benign viral infection of the skin and mucous membranes Caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus. Typically affects children (1 10Yrs) can be transmitted sexually in adults. Lesion - umbilicated papule. Spread Direct skin-to-skin contact, Sharing clothes etc. Incubation period 2 -7 weeks If untreated can last upto 6 months
Parvo virus
Parvoviridae family Small , uncapsulated, DNA viruses Human infection Parvovirus B19
First disease: measles (rubeola) Second disease: scarlet fever Third disease: German measles (rubella) Fourth disease: "Filatov-Dukes' disease" (doubt exists over the existence of this as a disease entity) Fifth disease: erythema infectiosum (slapped cheek syndrome) Sixth disease: roseola infantum (herpesvirus 6 infection; "exanthem subitum")
Intrauterine fetal death at the 25th week of gestation, showing hydrops fetalis (the mother suffered from erythema infectiosum at the 10th week of gestation)
Adeno viruses
Family Adenoviridae Medium-sized , nonenveloped, icosahedral DNA viruses
In humans, there are 56 accepted human adenovirus types. Different types/serotypes are associated with different conditions transmitted via direct inoculation to the conjunctiva, a fecal-oral route, aerosolized droplets, or exposure to infected tissue or blood. Capable of infecting multiple organ systems; most infections are asymptomatic. Adenovirus is often cultured from the pharynx and stool of asymptomatic children, and most adults have measurable titers of anti-adenovirus antibodies, implying prior infection
Diagnosis - antigen detection, antibody detection culture, PCR No specific treatment. Best is PREVENTION by good hygiene HAND WASHING. Virus survives for long periods in the environment.
PAPOVA viruses
PA Papilloma viruses PO Polyoma viruses (VA Vacuolating viruses) Family Papovaviridae is no longer used in taxonomy. It is split into Papillomaviridae and the Polyomaviridae. Non-enveloped, icasohedral, DNA viruses
Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a common Sexully transmitted Disease (STD). Strong evidence indicates that certain papillomaviruses are involved in cervical and genital cancers Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia (CIN) when infection persists for a long period. Vaccines for some HPV types are available READ!!
Polyomavirus / Polyomaviridae
polyoma refers to the viruses' ability to produce multiple (poly-) tumors (-oma). Merkel cell virus Associated with Merkel cell carcinoma JC virus can infect the respiratory system, kidneys or brain ,sometimes causing the fatal Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) BK virus produces a mild respiratory infection and can affect the kidneys of immunosuppressed transplant patients.
SUMMARY
DNA viruses. Poxvirus Variola (Small pox), vaccinia, Orf, MCV Parvovirus Parvovirus B19 5th disease Adenovirus common cause of respiratory disease. Can get multisystem infection PAPOVA Papilloma viruses Epithelial and mucosa associated warts. Associated with cancer (CIN). Vaccine available
MCQ:
1. True / False 1. Cowpox virus causes disease only in humans 2. Vaccinia virus infection can be severe in some cases. 3. Adenoviruses are a common cause of the common cold. 4. Parvovirus B19 causes 5th disease in children. 5. Papillomaviruses cause warts.
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