RECENT TRENDS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

By

Poonam Yadav E.C.E 8th SEM.

ROLL NO. -7610342

Outline
Objective and Introduction Wireless time-line and initial technologies Current Generations Modern Wireless Systems

Comparison of various technologies Conclusion and References

Objectives
Where is wireless broadband today? Where has it come from in the last decade? What is its future potential? What are key wireless communication concepts?

How do they feature in modern/emerging wireless systems (Wifi: 802.11a/b/g/n, 3G, mobile WIMAX: 802.16e)?
Modern wireless systems WiFi , Bluetooth, Zibgee, 3G, GSM, CDMA, WiMAX, UWB,. .

Why Wireless?
Characteristics Mostly radio transmission Advantages Spatial flexibility Ad hoc networks No problems with wiring Robust against disasters like earthquake, fire Disadvantages Low transmission rates for higher no. of users Many national regulations, global regulations Restricted frequency range, interferences of frequencies Nevertheless, in the last 10-20 years, it has really been a wireless revolution

Wireless Evolution Timeline

Early Wireless Systems

1st Generation: Analog: early 80s AMPS: FDMA with 30 KHz FM voice channels. FCC increased the cellular spectral allocation from 40 MHz to 50 MHz. Two 25MHz channels: DL and UL (FDD) Drawbacks: Analog - very susceptible to static and noise 2nd Generation: digital: early 90s higher capacity, improved cost, higher data rates for support of digital services, DECT: 1880-1900 MHz spectrum, multicarrier /TDMA/TDD structure FHMA/TDMA/TDD provides up to 120 channels Interference-free wireless operation ~100 to 500 mts outdoor Average data transmission: 1.2 Mbps

2G Cellular Systems
GSM (Global System for Mobile)
Specifications:

fully digital 900MHz or 1800 MHz 124 channels

Automatic location, hand-over, frequency reuse Services: data with 9.6kbps, voice Transmission power in handset: max. 2 W

IS-95 - uses direct-sequence CDMA with binary modulation and coding.

Tradeoffs: Mobility/Coverage/Bitrate

Wi-Fi
Local area networking technology designed to provide in-building or campus broadband coverage Based on IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n standards Much higher peak data rates + larger bandwidth (20 MHz) Beyond buildings: Metropolitan-wide (Muni-Fi), Neighborhood Area Networks (NaN), hotspots Wide availability of terminal devices Covers greater distances Wi-Fi systems - not designed to support high-speed mobility. High power consumption Requires more expensive hardware

IEEE 802.11 Standards

Standard IEEE 802.11 Date 1997 Scope Medium Access Control (MAC): One common MAC for WLAN applications Physical Layer: Infrared at 1 and 2 Mbps Physical Layer: 2.4 GHz FHSS at 1 and 2 Mbps Physical Layer: 2.4 GHz DSSS at 1 and 2 Mbps IEEE 802.11a IEEE 802.11b IEEE 802.11g 1999 1999 2003 Physical Layer: 5 GHz OFDM at rates 6 to 54 Mbps Physical Layer: 2.4 GHz DSSS at 5.5 and 11 Mbps Physical Layer: Extended 802.11b to data rates > 20 Mbps

IEEE 802.11n

ongoing Physical / MAC:Enhancements to enable higher throughput

Bluetooth
Short range communication technology

Short distances {10m (1mW), 100m (100 mW)} Lower power than Wi-Fi
Connect and exchange info mobile phones, PC, laptops, GPS receivers, 2.4 GHz band

Data rate of 1 Mbps

small scale applications Frequency-hopping for multiple access with a carrier spacing of 1 MHz for 8 devices

2.5 G and 2.75 G

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) packet oriented Mobile data service to users of GSM Data rates: from 56 up to 114 kbps TDMA/FDD Services MMS, SMS, Internet application through WAP EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) Extension on standard GSM increases data rates (up to 236.8 kbps for 4 timeslots) using a high-level modulation format combined with FEC coding. CDMA 2000 Hybrid 2.5G/3G technology CDMA for digital radio, voice, signaling data,.

CDMA Broadband: 1xEV-DO

High-speed data standard defined as an evolution to second generation IS-95 CDMA systems Peak downlink data rate of 2.4 Mbps in a 1.25 MHz channel. Flexibility to support both user- and application- level QoS
User-level QoS providers offer premium services Application-level operators allocate resources - applicants need

Multimode 1xEV-DO - will let subscribers receive incoming voice calls even while actively downloading data Support high speed internet access at pedestrian or vehicle speeds

Multicast and broadcast services - supported

WLAN
Linking of two or more computers or devices using OFDM modulation Communication in a limited area + mobility

Convenient, cost efficient, ease of integration with other networks and network components
Typical range in order of tens of meters sufficient for home, but insufficient for larger structure Speed 1-108 Mbps slow compared to slowest common networks(100 Mbps to several Gbps)

WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)

WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Wireless transmission of data - from point-to-point links to portable internet access 2 Mbps symmetric broadband speed 802.16-2004 fixed WiMAX no support for mobility 802.16e-2005 mobile WiMAX support for mobility Applications: Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to internet Wireless alternative to cable and DSL for broadband access Data and telecommunication services Portable connectivity

C O M P A R I S O N

Ultra Wide Band (UWB)

Objective transmit large amount of digital data - over a wide spectrum of freq bands - very low power, short distance.

Fractional bandwidth: W/fc >=20%, or more than 500 MHz of absolute bandwidth
Operating range: 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz

Limited transmit power of -41 dBm/MHz

Emitted Signal Power
Bluetooth, 802.11b Cordless Phones Microwave Ovens

GPS

PCS

802.11a

-41 dBm/Mhz

Part 15 Limit

UWB Spectrum
1.6 1.9 2.4 3.1 5

Frequency (Ghz)

10.6

UWB Communication
UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9)
Ultrawideband Communication
1 Impulse Modulation 0 1

time

frequency
(FCC Min=500Mhz)

10 GHz

Duty cycle of only a fraction of a percent Uses a lot of bandwidth (GHz) Modulation - OFDM Excellent ranging capability; Synchronization (accurate/rapid) an issue.

UWB Applications
Short range, indoor applications - high data rates, low power see-through-the-wall precision radar imaging technology, Precision locating and tracking, etc Most computer and consumer electronic devices require wires to play, record or exchange data. UWB eliminates wires

Play a just recorded video on a HDTV without wires

A portable MP3 player

could stream audio to

speakers anywhere Mobile computer-digital

projector wirelessly

ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4)

Objective develop products that are v.low cost, low data rate

Very low power consumption (no recharge for months or years!), up to 255 devices
Data rates of 20, 40, 250 kbps

CSMA-CA channel access

Frequency of operation in ISM bands 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in USA, Australia 2.4 GHz worldwide Home automation, consumer electronics applications, RFID/tagging applications (supply-chain), Hospital care

3GPP LTE: Long-Term Evolution

Improve the UMTS mobile phone standard to cope with future technology evolutions Goals: improved spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, use of new spectrum, better integration with other open standards Based upon OFDMA in downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink, MIMO 3GPP2 has longer term plans to offer higher data rates by moving to higher bandwidth operation. Support up to 70-200 Mbps in downlink and up to 85 Mbps in the uplink using up to 20 MHz of bandwidth. Expected to be available until about 2010.

Data rate
100 Mbit/sec 802.11g 802.11b UWB 802.11a

10 Mbit/sec

1 Mbit/sec 100 kbits/sec

3G

Bluetooth ZigBee

ZigBee 10 kbits/sec UWB 0 GHz 1GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 6 GHz

Range
10 km 1 km 100 m 10 m 3G 802.11a Bluetooth ZigBee

802.11b,g ZigBee UWB

UWB 1m 0 GHz 1GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 6 GHz

Power Dissipation

10 W
1W 3G 802.11bg Bluetooth 802.11a

100 mW
10 mW UWB ZigBee

UWB
ZigBee

1 mW 0 GHz 1GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 6 GHz

Conclusion
Wireless Technology rapidly growing and generating tremendous changes in telecommunications and networking Data transmission rates increased tremendously from 9.6 kbps (GSM) to 2Mbps (WCDMA), increasing more than 200 times within last 10 years More ambitious 4G approximately 1 Gbps Great demands on capacity and quality offered over wireless communication links have pushed us hard to innovate new design methodologies and concepts for the wireless systems and networks. But, despite many promising technologies, the reality that services many users at high data rates . (fixed and mobile) with reasonable bandwidth and power resources while maintaining high coverage and quality of service .. has not yet been achieved.

References
Internet Resources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless http.//focus.ti.com/apps/docs/appshomepage.tsp http://www.jcisonline.org/iis/2005_IIS/PDFs/Choi_Park_Fernandez_Kim.pdf http://www.intel.com/technology/comms/uwb http://www.palowireless.com/uwb/tutorials.asp http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/ultra-wideband.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2002/0225tech.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000_1xEV-DO#CDMA2000_1xEV-DO

References (2)
Books William Stallings; Wireless Communications & Networks; Pearson Pentice Hall, India, 2008 (Second edition) X. Shen, M. Guizani; Ultra-wideband wireless communications and networks; John Wiley & sons Ltd, Great Britain, 2006 Hsiao-Hwa Chen, Next Generation Wireless Systems and Networks; John Wiley & sons Ltd, Great Britain, 2006 Articles Rafael Kolic; Ultra Wideband the Next-Generation Wireless Connection

Thank You