MUSCLE CONTRACTION

DODY TARUNA,dr, M.Kes

DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY HANG TUAH MEDICAL FACULTY SURABAYA

Muscle Types
Cardiac heart Smooth internal organs Skeletal "voluntary" Attach to bone Move appendages Support body Antagonistic pairs Flexors Extensors

Muscle Types

Describe the structural and physiological differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle; Describe the structural and physiological differences between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle; and Relate the unique properties of smooth muscle to its locations and functions.

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

About 40% body mass Muscle fibers cells Fascicle bundle Motor unit Muscle sheath Attach to tendons (which attach to bone)

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

Muscle Fiber Structure

Multiple nuclei Sarcolemma T-tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasm
Mitochondria Glycogen & ions Myofibrils

Muscle Fiber Structure

Figure 12-3b: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Skeletal Muscle

Myofibrils: Site of Contraction

Actin "thin fibers" Tropomysin Troponin Myosin "thick fibers" Tinin elastic anchor Nebulin non-elastic

Myofibrils: Site of Contraction

Figure 12-3c-f: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Skeletal Muscle

Sarcomere length
Problem

Muscular Contraction
The sliding filament model
Movement of the actin filament over the myosin filament Formation of crossbridges between actin and myosin filaments Reduction in the distance between Zdiscs of the sarcomere

Actin Myosin Actinin (z-disc)

MUSCLE CONTRACTION
The process of muscle contraction and relaxation can be viewed as occurring in four major phases: (1)excitation. (2)excitation-contraction coupling. (3)contraction. (4)relaxation.

MUSCLE CONTRACTION
1.Excitation Excitation is the process in which action potentials in the nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber.

EXCITATION
1.1.A nerve signal the synaptic knob stimulates voltage-gated calcium channels OPEN Calcium ions enter the synaptic knob. 1.2.Calcium ions stimulate exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft. One action potential causes exocytosis of about 60 synaptic vesicles, and each vesicle releases about 10,000 molecules of ACh.

EXCITATION
1.3.ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft binds to receptor proteins (LIGAND GATED ion channels) on the sarcolemma. 1.4.ACh (the ligand) binds to receptor rec. change shape open an ion channel through the middle of the rec. protein Na diffuse quickly into the cell and K diffuse outward the sarcolemma reverses polarityits voltage quickly jumps from RMP(resting membrane potential) of -90 mV to a peak of +75mV as Na enters, and then falls back to a level mV as Na close to the RMP as K diffuses out called the end-plate potential (EPP).

EXCITATION
1.5.Areas of sarcolemma next to the end plate have voltage-gated ion channels open in response to the EPP. Some of the voltage-gated channels are and admit it to the cell, while specific for Na others are specific for K and allow it to leave. These ion movements create an action potential.The muscle fiber is now excited

MUSCLE CONTRACTION
2.Excitation-Contraction Coupling Link the action potentials on the sarcolemma activation of the myofilaments, Preparing them to contract

Excitation-Contraction Coupling
2.1.A wave of action potentials spreads from the end plate in all directions, like ripples on a pond. When this wave of excitation reaches the T tubules, it continues down them into the sarcoplasm.

Excitation-Contraction Coupling
2.2.Action potentials open voltage-regulated ion gates in the T tubules. These are physically linked to calcium channels in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), so gates in the SR open as well and calcium ions diffuse out of the SR, down their concentration gradient and into the cytosol.

Excitation-Contraction Coupling
2.3.The calcium ions bind to the troponin of the thin filaments. 2.4.The troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape and shifts to a new position. This exposes the active sites on the actin filaments and makes them available for binding to myosin heads.

MUSCLE CONTRACTION
3. Contraction In 1954, two researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jean Hanson and Hugh Huxley, found evidence for a model now called the sliding filament theory. This theory holds that the thin filaments slide over the thick ones and pull the Z discs behind them, causing the cell as a whole to shorten

CONTRACTION
3.1.The myosin head must have an ATP molecule bound to it to initiate the contraction process. Myosin ATPase, an enzyme in the head, hydrolyzes this ATP. The energy released by this process activates the head, which cocks into an extended, high-energy position. The head temporarily keeps the ADP and phosphate group bound to it. 3.2.The cocked myosin binds to an active site on the thin filament.

CONTRACTION
3.3.Myosin releases the ADP and phosphate and flexes into a bent, lowenergy position, tugging the thin filament along with it. This is called the power stroke. The head remains bound to actin until it binds a new ATP. 3.4.Upon binding more ATP, myosin releases the actin. It is now prepared to repeat the whole Process.

CONTRACTION
A fiber, however, may shorten by as much as 40% of its resting length, so obviously the cycle of power and recovery must be repeated many times by each myosin head. Each head carries out about five strokes per second, and each stroke consumes one molecule of ATP.

MUSCLE CONTRACTION
4.Relaxation When its work is done, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to its resting length.

Relaxation
4.1.Nerve signals stop arriving at the neuromuscular junction, so the synaptic knob stops releasing ACh. 4.2.As ACh dissociates (separates) from its receptor, acetylcholinesterase breaks it down into fragments that cannot stimulate the muscle. The synaptic knob reabsorbs these fragments for recycling. All of this happens continually while the muscle is being stimulated, too; but when nerve signals stop, no new ACh is released to replace that which is broken down. Therefore, stimulation of the muscle fiber by ACh ceases.

Relaxation
4.3.Active transport pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) pump Ca from the cytosol back into the cisternae. Ca binds to Calsequestrinstored until fiber stimulated again. ATP is needed for muscle relaxation as well as for muscle contraction 4.4.As calcium ions dissociate from troponin, they are pumped into the SR and are not Replaced.

Relaxation
4.5.Tropomyosin moves back into the position where it blocks the active sites of the actin filament. Myosin can no longer bind to actin, and the muscle fiber ceases to produce or maintain tension.

Relaxation
A muscle returns to its resting length with the aid of two forces: (1)like a recoiling rubber band, the series-elastic components stretch it; and (2)since muscles often occur in antagonistic pairs, the contraction of an antagonist lengthens the relaxed muscle. Contraction of the triceps brachii, for example, extends the elbow and lengthens the biceps brachii.

Energy for Contraction: ATP & Phosphocreatine

Aerobic Respiration
Oxygen Glucose Fatty acids 30-32 ATPs

Anaerobic Respiration
Fast but 2 ATP/glucose

Phosphocreatine ATPs

Energy for Contraction: ATP & Phosphocreatine

Figure : Phosphocreatine

Muscle Fatigue: Causes not well known

Central
"Feeling" Lactic acid

Peripheral
Glycogen depletion Ca2+ interference High Pi levels ECF high K+ ACh depletion
Figure : Locations and possible causes of muscle fatigue

Fiber Contraction Speed: Fast Twitch

Rate
2-3 times faster SR uptake of Ca2+ ATP splitting

Anaerobic/Fatigue easily
Power lifting Fast/delicate Sprint

Fiber Contraction Speed: Fast Twitch

Figure : Fast-twitch glycolytic and slow-twitch muscle fibers

Fiber Contraction Speed: Oxidative Fast & Slow

Oxidative Fast Twitch
Intermediate speed Anaerobic & aerobic

Slow Twitch: Aerobic, less fatigue

More mitochondria More capillaries Myoglobin Endurance activities Postural muscles

Coordinating the Fibers: Force of Contraction Excitation and Twitch LengthTension: more crossbridges: more tension

Figure : Length-tension relationships in contracting skeletal muscle

Motor Unit: Fibers Innervated from 1 neuron

"All or none" Fine touch
1:1 nerve to fiber Finger tips

Big muscles
1: 2000 Leg muscles
Figure 12-18: Motor units

PLAY

Animation: Muscular System: Contraction of Motor Units

Weak stimulus

Recruitment of Fibers: Produce Graduated Force

Lowest threshold fibers Slow twitch typically

Moderate: adds Fast Oxidative High stimulus: all fibers Asynchronous:

Units take turns Prevents fatigue
Figure 12-18: Motor units

Mechanics of Body Movement: Joints

Tendons: muscle to bone Ligaments: bone to bone Muscles: contraction force
Isotonic: movement Isometric: no movement

Mechanics of Body Movement: Joints

Figure 12-19: Isotonic and isometric contractions

Coordinating the Fibers: Summation to Tetanus

Figure : Summation of contractions

Histochemical Staining of Fiber Type

Type IIa

Type IIb

Type I

Preferential recruitment of fibres by exercise type

Higher % of type 1 fibers elevates VO2max True of both athletes and non-athletes

Physics of Joint Movement:

Muscle: origin near body, insertion distal Levers: bones, Fulcrum: joints

Figure : The arm is a lever and fulcrum system

The Gamma system

Establishes smooth voluntary muscle contractions and tone Alpha/gamma coactivation Gamma activation leads alpha activation in voluntary movement

Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium

Located in the inner ear Responsible for maintaining general equilibrium and balance Sensitive to changes in linear and angular acceleration

Motor Control Functions of the Brain

Brain stem Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Organization of complex movement Storage of learned experiences Reception of sensory information

Motor cortex M1 (Area 4 and 6)

Most concerned with voluntary movement

Cerebellum
Monitoring complex movement

Smooth Muscles: Contrasted to Skeletal Muscle Homeostatic role

Control fluid Sphincters

Tonic contractions
Support tubes Move products

Slow contractions
Little fatigue Low O2 use
Figure : Duration of muscle contraction in three types of muscle

Smooth Muscles: Contrasted to Skeletal Muscle

Figure : Types of smooth muscle

Smooth Muscles: Characteristics

Stimulation
Electrically coupled Hormones Paracrines Various receptors Single Unit Multiple unit

Single tapered cells Longer actin & myosin

Smooth Muscles: Characteristics

Figure : Anatomy of smooth muscle

Smooth Muscle Contraction: Mechanism

Figure : Smooth muscle contraction

Smooth Muscle Relaxation: Mechanism

Figure : Relaxation in smooth muscle

Cardiac Muscle: Contrasted to Skeletal

Short branched fibers Single nucleus Intercalated discs Gap junctions Stimulation
Pacemaker Autonomic
Hormonal

Cardiac Muscle: Contrasted to Skeletal

Figure : ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Heart

Summary: Comparison of Three Muscle Types

Table : Comparison of Three Muscle Types