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Exercise 2
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Polymers are all around us. They are the main components of food (starch/, protein), clothes (silk, cotton, polyester, nylon), dwellings (wood-cellulose/, paints) and also our bodies (nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins).
The definition of a polymer is a substance, -R-R-R-R-,or in general -[R]n-, where R is a bifunctional entity (or bivalent radical /) which is not capable of a separate existence where n is the degree of polymerization, DPn
This definition excludes simple organic and inorganic compounds, e.g. CH4, NaCl, and also exclude materials like diamond, silica and metals which appear to have the properties of polymer, but are capable of being vaporized into monomer units.
CH4NaCl
The molecular weight (MW) can be obtained from the MW of the monomer multiplied by n. When the value of n is small, say 2~20 the substances are called oligomers /, often these oligomers are capable of further polymerizations and are then referred to as macromers.
A polymer with a MW of 107, if fully extended, should have a length of ~1mm and a diameter of ~0.5nm. This is equivalent insize to uncooked spaghetti~2km in length. However, in reality, in bulk polymers the chain is never fully extended
Temperature
Chemical make-up of the backbone C-C-C- chain; whether the chain is flexible (aliphatic structure) or rigid (aromatic) The presence or absence of side-chains on the backbone The inter-polymer chain attraction (weakdipole/dipole, H-bonding or strong covalent bonds, cross-linking)
I.
The molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of polymer
Amorphous or partially crystalline Melting temperature of the crystalline phase (Tm) Brittle or tough Rigidity or stiffness
dissolubility
Polymers are really effect chemicals in that they are used as materials, with each application requiring different polymer properties. Plastics, fibers, films, elastomers , adhesives, paints, etc.,
Economics, that is the cost of making and fabricating the polymer is of prime importance. This has led to a rough grouping of polymers into:
Commodity polymers Engineering polymers Advanced polymeric materials
Commodity polymers
Polyethylene
low density polyethylene (LDPE) High density polyethylene (HDPE) Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)
Each of these is prepared on the 10 million tonnes/year scale. The price is <$1500/tonne.
Engineering polymers
The materials have enjoyed the highest percentages growth of any polymers in the last ten years
and are principally used as replacements for metals for moderate temperature and environmental conditions or they may have outstanding chemical inertness and/or special properties
Engineering Polymers
Low friction polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Acetal (or polyoxymethylene, POM/) Nylons (polyamides /) Polyethylene or polybutylene terephthalate /(PET or PBT) Polycarbonate (of bisphenol A /A) PC Polyphenylene oxide (PPO /)
These have very good temperature stability and when reinforced with fibers (e.g, glass, carbon or Aramid fibres), i.e. composites, they are stronger than most metals on weight/weight basis.
They are usually only used sparingly, often in critical parts of structure.
Their
Making of polymers
The most important parameters in making polymers are quality control and reproducibility
Why?
They are different from simple organic compounds such as acetone /, where often a simple distillation gives the desired purity. There are many different grades of the same polymer, depending on the final application, e.g., different MW, MWD, extent of branching, crosslinking, etc.,
Polymerization
polymer recovery
This is not discussed here, other than to emphasize that the purity of the monomer is paramount.
(2) polymerization
not only includes MW, etc., but other factors such as color, shape of polymer particle ( if not palletized or granulated / ) catalyst residues / odor etc
(2) polymerization
I.
II. In homogeneous system, control the viscosity / III. Most polymerizations are exothermic /, heat has to be removed since most polymerization are performed at constant temperature, isothermal /,heat removal
Unless the polymerization takes place in bulk, separation from the solvent has to be carried out.
The conventional methods of recovering chemicals, e.g., crystallization, distillation, adsorption, etc. are not be used because polymers possess properties such as high viscosity and low solubility in solvents, and are sticky and non-volatile.
Nevertheless, Precipitation by using a nonsolvent followed by centrifuging, or by coagulation of an emulsion or latex and removal the solvent by steam-striping can be used.
Polymerization techniques
Most polymerizations are performed in the liquid phase using either a batch or a continuous process. The continuous method is preferred There are five general methods of polymerization:
bulk or mass
solution slurry or precipitation
suspension or dispersion
emulsion
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