Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDS TYPES OF WATERSHED COMPONENTS OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT WATER RESOURCE OF KERALA - THREATS AND
All the water that will ever be is, right now. -National Geographic
Water has become a highly precious resource. There are some places where a barrel of water costs more than a barrel of oil. - Lloyd Axworthy
3
WHAT IS WATERSHED
Its a geohydrological unit draining to a common point by a system of drains. A watershed is a basin like landform defined by peaks which are connected by ridges that descend into lower elevations and small valleys. It carries rainwater falling on it drop by drop and channels it into soil, rivulets and streams flowing into large rivers and in due course sea.
4
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDS
All characteristics affect the disposal of water. SIZE: It helps in computing parameters like precipitation received, retained, drained off.
SHAPE: Different shapes based on morphological parameters like geology and structure, eg. pear, elongated etc.
PHISIOGRAPHY: Lands altitude and physical disposition. SLOPE: It controls the rainfall distribution and movement: CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative approach. DRAINAGE: It determines the flow characteristics and so the erosion behavior.
TYPES OF WATERSHED
BASED ON
SIZE
SHAPE
LAND USE PATTERN
BASED ON SIZE
Macro watershed (> 50,000 Hect) Sub-watershed (10,000 to 50,000 Hect) Milli-watershed (1000 to10000 Hect) Micro watershed (100 to 1000 Hect) Mini watershed (1-100 Hect)
BASED ON SHAPE
FAN SHAPED
FERN SHAPED
8
highland watersheds
tribal settlements
10
LAND MANAGEMENT
Structural Measures
Vegetative Measures Production Measures Protection Measures
11
Structural Measures
CONTOUR BUNDS CHECK DAM
FIELD BUNDS
12
Vegetative Measures
AGRO-FORESTRY PLANT COVER
13
Production Measures
HORTICULTURE
MIXED CROPPING
14
Protection Measures
GULLY PLUGGING LANDSLIDE CONTROL
15
WATER MANAGEMENT
The broad interventions for water management are
Rain Water Harvesting Ground Water Recharge Maintenance of Water Balance Preventing Water Pollution Economic use of water
16
water
grasses
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Biomass management
Major intervention areas for biomass
management are Eco-preservation Biomass Regeneration Forest Management & Conservation Plant Protection & Social Forestry Increased Productivity of Animals Eco-friendly life style of people
25
AGRICULTURE DEGRADATION OF WATER RESOURCES LAND RECLAMATION AND CONSTRUCTION BACTERIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER SOURCE
26
27
28
Land reclamation
29
30
31
CONCLUSION
REMEDIES FOR WATER SCARCITY CRISIS
1.ATTENTION ABOUT WATER CONSERVATION LIKE RAIN WATER HARVESTING,RAIN PITS 2.PUBLIC EDUCATION 3.RECYCLING ANDPROPER DISPOSALOF CHEMICALS AND WASTES
32
REFERENCE
Economic Review (2003). Trivandrum: State Planning Board, Government of Kerala
Chattopadhyay S., et al., 2005, Water quality variations as linked to landuse pattern: A case study in Chalakudy river basin, Kerala. Current Science, VOL. 89 (12). Pp. 2163-2169. Balchand, A. N., 1983. Kuttanad: A case study on environmental consequences of water resources mismanagement. Water International. Vol. 8 (1). Pp. 35-41.
33
THANK YOU
34