Terrorism

What is terrorism?
Etymology:
"Terror" comes from the Latin word terrere meaning "to frighten. It was first coined in the 1970s to refer to the terror used during the French Revolution by the Revolutionaries against their opponents. The Jacobin party of Maxim lien Robespierre carried out a Reign of Terror involving mass executions by the guillotine. Although terrorism in this usage implies an act of violence by a state against its domestic enemies, since the 20th century the term has been applied most frequently to violence aimed, either directly or indirectly, at governments in an effort to influence policy or topple an existing regime.

What is terrorism?
Definition:
"the use of violence for political ends, and includes any use of violence for the purpose of putting the public, or any section of the public, in fear." -British Government definition of 1974 The unlawful use of force and violence against a person or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of a political or social objective. -Federal Bureau of Investigation Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. -U.S. Federal Code "An anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby - in contrast to assassination - the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. United Nations, 1992

History of Terrorism

Brief History of Terrorism

The history of terrorism goes back to Sicarii Zealots. After Zealotry rebellion in the 1st century AD, when some prominent collaborators with Roman rule were killed, according to contemporary historian Josephus, in 6 AD Judas of Galilee formed a small and more extreme offshoot of the Zealots, the Sicarii. Their terror also was directed against Jewish "collaborators", including temple priests, Sadducees, Herodians, and other wealthy elites.

Brief History of Terrorism

The Assassins were the next group to show recognizable characteristics of terrorism. A breakaway faction of Shia Islam called the Nizari Ismalis adopted the tactic of assassination of enemy leaders because the cult's limited manpower prevented open combat. Their leader, Hassam-I Sabbah, based the cult in the mountains of Northern Iran. Their tactic of sending a lone assassin to successfully kill a key enemy leader at the certain sacrifice of his own life (the killers waited next to their victims to be killed or captured) inspired fearful awe in their enemies.

Brief History of Terrorism

Even though both the Zealots and the Assassins operated in antiquity, they are relevant today:
Served as forerunners of modern terrorists in aspects of motivation, organization, targeting, and goals. Although both were ultimate failures, the fact that they are remembered hundreds of years later, demonstrates the deep psychological impact they caused.

Characteristics of Terrorist Attacks

Nature of terrorism
Creates a general climate of FEAR. Increasingly dramatic, violent and high-profile attacks. Targets crowded, populous or significant places like diplomatic facilities, military bases, executive offices and transportation vehicles. Attracts the attention of the media. Planned and calculated attacks.

Causes of terrorism
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. To attain a political objective. Perceived social and political injustice. Religious, cultural or ideological cause. Re-establishment of a national homeland. Extort money. Free prisoners. Satisfy vengeance.

Effects of Terrorism
1. Political Impact

Impact on governmental services and functioning Consequences on public order Influence on public confidence Strict policy changes
Real or Direct Cost destruction of physical assets, casualties and life losses Perceived or Indirect Cost investment and consumption behavior, rising transaction cost, FDI Increased Insurance

2. Economic Impact

Effects of terrorism

Effects of Terrorism
3. Cross-national Effects

Refugee flows Diplomatic reprisal Decline in tourism Rise of government spending on defense industries for counterterrorism. Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations and enhanced police powers. More permissive interrogation and detention policies. Technology innovations.
Psychological stress and trauma.

4. Increased Security Measure

5. Psychological Impact

Types of Terrorism

Types of terrorism?
POLITICAL TERRORISM
1. Establishment Terrorism aka State-sponsored Terrorism 2. Revolutionary Terrorism 3. Sub-revolutionary Terrorism

ACCORDING TO LOCATION
1. Domestic Terrorism 2. International Terrorism

Types of terrorism?
ACCORDING TO WEAPONS/METHODS USED
1. Bioterrorism 2. Cyber Terrorism 3. Nuclear Terrorism

ACCORDING TO CAUSE
1. 2. 3. 4. Ecoterrorism Narcoterrorism Nationalist Terrorism Religious Terrorism

ESTABLISHMENT TERRORISM
Often called state or state-sponsored terrorism is employed by governments or more often factions with governments against that governments citizens, against factions within the government, or against foreign government groups This type of terrorism is very common but difficult to identify, mainly because the state's support is always clandestine.
Examples:
In the 1980s, the United States supported rebel groups in Africa that allegedly engaged in acts of terrorism (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) Various Muslim countries (e.g. Iran and Syria) purportedly provided logistical and financial aid to Islamic revolutionary groups engaged in campaigns against Israel, the United States, and some Muslim countries in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM
Most common form

Practitioners of this type of terrorism seek the complete abolition of a political system and its replacement with a new structure.
Examples:
German Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Gang) Italian Red Brigades the Basque separatist group ETA Peruvian Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)

SUBREVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM
It is used not to overthrow an existing regime but to modify the existing sociopolitical structure. Since this modification is often accomplished through the threat of deposing the existing regime, subrevolutionary groups are somewhat more difficult to identify.

ACCORDING TO WEAPONS/METHODS USED

BIOTERRORISM
refers to the intentional release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize civilians, in the name of a political or other cause. Category A Biological Diseases are those most likely to do the most damage. They include:
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin) The Plague (Yersinia pestis) Smallpox (Variola major) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Hemorrahagic fever, due to Ebola Virus or Marburg Virus

ACCORDING TO WEAPONS/METHODS USED

CYBER TERRORISM
A type of terrorism that uses computers and network. It can allow disruptions in military communications and even electrical power. Usually, small terrorist groups use cyberterrorism.
(e.g. Aum Shinrikyo and the Tamil. These two terrorist groups usually use cyberterrorism to fail the computer security, or to show off their technical abilities.)

Ways of demonstrating Cyberterrorism:

a. b. By controlling from a distance electrical things such as dams or power plants By destroying the actual machine that contains the electronic information

ACCORDING TO WEAPONS/METHODS USED

NUCLEAR TERRORISM
Refers to a number of different ways nuclear materials might be exploited as a terrorist tactic. These include attacking nuclear facilities, purchasing nuclear weapons, or building nuclear weapons or otherwise finding ways to disperse radioactive materials.

ACCORDING TO CAUSE
ECOTERRORISM
A recently coined term describing violence in the interests of environmentalism. In general, environmental extremists sabotage property to inflict economic damage on industries or actors they see as harming animals or the natural environment. These have included fur companies, logging companies and animal research laboratories, for example.

ACCORDING TO CAUSE
NARCOTERRORISM
Has had several meanings since its coining in 1983. It once denoted violence used by drug traffickers to influence governments or prevent government efforts to stop the drug trade. In the last several years, narcoterrorism has been used to indicate situations in which terrorist groups use drug trafficking to fund their other operations.

ACCORDING TO CAUSE
NATIONALIST TERRORISM
These terrorists are usually successful at getting peoples sympathy because they try to fight for "national liberation.
(e.g. Irish Republican Army, Basque Fatherland and Liberty, and the Kurdistan Workers Party)

RELIGIOUS TERRORISM
The motivation of which is typically rooted in the faith based tenets. Terrorist acts throughout the centuries have been performed on religious grounds with the hope to either spread or enforce a system of belief, viewpoint or opinion. Religious terrorism does not in itself necessarily define a specific religious standpoint or view, but instead usually defines an individual or a group view or interpretation of that belief system's teachings.
(e.g. Al-Qaeda, Hamas, Hezbollah, Aum Shinrikyo)

Terrorist Groups

Organizational Structure
1. HIERARCHICAL 2. NETWORKED
*CELL- smallest element and the building block of a terrorist organization

State Department Current List of Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) Abu Sayyaf Group Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade Al-Shabaab Ansar al-Islam Armed Islamic Group (GIA) Asbat al-Ansar Aum Shinrikyo Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) Communist Party of the Philippines/New People's Army (CPP/NPA) Continuity Irish Republican Armya Gamaa al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group) HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh (HUJI-B) Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM) Hizballah (Party of God)

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Islamic Jihad Group Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) (Army of Mohammed) Jemaah Islamiya organization (JI) Kahane Chai (Kach) Kata'ib Hizballah Kongra-Gel (KGK, formerly Kurdistan Workers' Party, PKK, KADEK) Lashkar-e Tayyiba (LT) (Army of the Righteous) Lashkar i Jhangvi

State Department Current List of Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14.

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) 15. Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) 16. Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (GICM) 17. Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK) 18. National Liberation Army (ELN) 19. Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) 20. Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLF) PFLP-General Command (PFLP-GC) Tanzim Qa'idat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (QJBR) (al-Qaida in Iraq) (formerly Jama'at alTawhid wa'al-Jihad, JTJ, al-Zarqawi Network) al-Qaida al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (formerly GSPC) Real IRA

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) Revolutionary Organization 17 November Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C) Revolutionary Struggle Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso, SL) United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC)

Responses to Terrorism Global War on Terror

Anti-terrorism
DEFENSIVE measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorist acts, to include limited response and containment by local military and civilian forces.

Anti-terrorism

Counterterrorism
Operations that include the OFFENSIVE measures taken to prevent, deter, preempt and respond to terrorism. It involves the use of information gathering, law enforcement, diplomacy, military force, and protective security. Besides eliminating existing terrorist, effective counterterrorism also attempts to discover and remove the causes that motivates terrorist.

How is Counterterrorism Conducted?

1. Intelligence Gathering
Technical means Governments use advance technologies to eavesdrop on telephone, radio, internet and other communications among terrorists. Use of satellites to photograph terrorist bases. Informants and Spies
Physical barriers, bomb proof buildings, armor, weapon detector and other protective means are important part of counterterrorism.

2. Physical Security

How is Counterterrorism Conducted?

3. International Cooperation
Law Enforcement Governments rely on international law, especially treaties that obligate them to criminalize, prosecute, or cooperate with other governments concerning terrorist crimes. Disrupting the Financing of Terrorism An international treaty adopted in 1999 makes terrorist fundraising an international crime. Use of Sanctions
US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq.

4. Military Methods

Trials for Terrorists

Agencies Involved in Counterterrorism

United Nations
UN Global Counter Terrorism Strategy The Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF) was established by the Secretary-General in 2005 to enhance coordination and coherence of counter-terrorism efforts of the United Nations system. Currently the Task Force consists of 30 international entities which by virtue of their work have a stake in counter-terrorism efforts. Each entity makes contributions consistent with its mandate. Its chaired by the Director of the CTITF Office in the Department of Political Affairs, Jean-Paul Laborde.

United Nations
The primary goal is to maximize each entitys comparative advantage by delivering as one to help Member States implement the four pillars of the Strategy, which are:
measures to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism; measures to prevent and combat terrorism; measures to build states capacity to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen the role of the United Nations system in that regard; measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis for the fight against terrorism.

NATO
NATOs 1999 Strategic Concept identified terrorism as a threat to the Alliances security. The events of September 11 saw NATO become actively engaged in the fight against terrorism. Allies invoked Article 5 of the Washington Treaty for the first time in NATOs history leading to the creation of Operation Active Endeavour a maritime counter terrorism operation in the Mediterranean.

NATO
Programme of Work for Defense Against Terrorism
Countering improvised explosive devices. Explosive ordnance disposal. Protection of aircraft against shoulder-fired, surface-to-air missiles. Protection of helicopters from rocket-propelled grenades. Protection of harbours and ports. Detection, protection and defeat of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. Precision airdrop technology for special operations forces. Intelligence, reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition of terrorists. Countering mortar attacks.

ASEAN
2001 ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism
1. Review and strengthen our national mechanisms to combat terrorism; 2. Call for the early signing/ratification of or accession to all relevant anti-terrorist conventions including the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism; 3. Deepen cooperation among our front-line law enforcement agencies in combatting terrorism and sharing "best practices"; 4. Study relevant international conventions on terrorism with the view to integrating them with ASEAN mechanisms on combating international terrorism;

ASEAN
. Enhance information/intelligence exchange to facilitate the flow of information, in particular, on terrorists and terrorist organisations, their movement and funding, and any other information needed to protect lives, property and the security of all modes of travel; 6. Strengthen existing cooperation and coordination between the AMMTC and other relevant ASEAN bodies in countering, preventing and suppressing all forms of terrorists acts. Particular attention would be paid to finding ways to combat terrorist organisations, support infrastructure and funding and bringing the perpetrators to justice; 7. Develop regional capacity building programmes to enhance existing capabilities of ASEAN member countries to investigate, detect, monitor and report on terrorist acts; 8. Discuss and explore practical ideas and initiatives to increase ASEAN's role in and involvement with the international community including extra-regional partners within existing frameworks such as the ASEAN + 3, the ASEAN Dialogue Partners and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), to make the fight against terrorism a truly regional and global endeavour; 9. Strengthen cooperation at bilateral, regional and international levels in combating terrorism in a comprehensive manner and affirm that at the international level the United Nations should play a major role in this regard.
5

Terrorism in the Philippines

Four Major Terrorist Groups

1. Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) 2. Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) 3. Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) 4. New People's Army (NPA)

Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

Emerging in the early 1970s, the MNLF sought an independent Islamic nation in the Filipino islands with sizeable Muslim populations. In 1996, the MNLF signed a peace agreement with Manila that created the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), an area composed of two mainland provinces and three island provinces in which the predominantly Muslim population enjoys a degree of self-rule. MNLF chairman and founder Nur Misuari was installed as the region's governor but his rule ended in violence when he led a failed uprising against the Philippines government in November 2001.

Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)

The largest Islamic extremist group in the Philippines, the MILF split from the MNLF in 1977 and continues to wage war against Manila. Headed by Islamic cleric Salamat Hashim, the MILF seeks a separate Islamic state in the southern Philippines. Although it signed a peace agreement with Manila in 2001, MILFsponsored violence has continued.
Accusations: March 2003 Davao City airport bombing that killed 21 people For harboring members of the small militant Pentagon gang accused of kidnapping foreigners in recent years

Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

The smallest, most active and most violent Islamic separatist group in the southern Philippines, Abu Sayyaf (Bearer of the Sword) emerged in 1991 as a splinter group of the MNLF. Its founder, Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, was a veteran of the Islamic mujahideen movement in Afghanistan and was killed in a clash with Philippine police in 1998. ASG's current head is thought to be Janjalani's younger brother Khadafi Janjalani. Abu Sayyaf engages in kidnappings, bombings, assassinations and extortion from businesses and wealthy businessmen. Most of its activities are centered in the southern island of Mindanao, but in recent years, the group has broadened its reach. The group finances its operations primarily through robbery, piracy and ransom kidnappings. Both the MNLF and MILF condemn Abu Sayyaf's activities.

New Peoples Army (NPA)

The NPA is the military wing of the Communist People's Party of the Philippines (CPP). Founded in 1969 with the aim of overthrowing the Philippines government through guerrilla warfare, the NPA strongly opposes the U.S. military presence in the Philippines. The NPA primarily targets Philippine security forces, politicians, judges, government informers and former NPA rebels. The NPA's founder, Jose Maria Sison, lives in self-imposed exile in the Netherlands and reportedly directs operations from there. They have links with international terrorism, particularly with Jemaah Islamiyah and Al Qaeda.

Philippine Response

Philippine Response to Terrorism

The Philippines combats terrorism through political, legal and military means. The U.S. assisted the Philippines in amending their anti-money laundering legislation to meet international standards, and Manila passed its revised legislation in March 2003. Washington also installed the Terrorist Interdiction Program (TIP) in the Philippines with equipment, software and training to enhance their capacity to secure their borders. In 2002, the two nations' law enforcement agencies cooperated to bring charges against 15 Abu Sayyaf terrorists, implement an extradition treaty and train some 700 Filipino law enforcement officers.

Philippine Response to Terrorism

The Philippines receives anti-terrorist financial assistance from the U.S. following former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's May 2003 visit to the U.S., Washington pledged to provide new funds to the Philippines for training and equipping Philippine forces to deal with terrorist groups and funds to spur development in the Mindanao region, where Islamic extremists are based. In 2002, the U.S. sent about 650 American advisers to train Philippine soldiers in counterterrorism techniques. Human Security Act of 2007.

Human Security Act of 2007

Under the law, 3 days warrantless detention are authorized, although arresting officers are obliged to immediately inform a judge about the arrest. Furthermore, detained terrorists are entitled to see a lawyer, a priest, a doctor, or family members. T he law allows eavesdropping on suspects as well as access to bank accounts for authorities. Convictions could result in 40 years prison sentences, but compensations are provided for in case of miscarriage of justice. Terrorism was defined by Section 3 as "sowing and creating a condition

of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace in order
to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand."