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Ventricles in brainstem
Mesencephalon cerebral aqueduct Metencephalon 4th ventricle Mylencephalon 4th ventricle
Posterior commissure
pyramid
cerebral peduncle interpeduncular fossa pons flocculus inferior olivary nuclear complex cerebellum pyramidal decussation cerebellar tonsil
pyramid
optic nerve middle cerebellar peduncle optic chiasm vestibulocochlear nerve hypothalamus pons flocculus cuneate tubercle inferior olivary nuclear complex
pyramid
Superior colliculus Cerebral peduncle Superior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior colliculus
4th ventricle
Medulla
Motor Hierarchy
Lateral group (extremities; fine motor control) Corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Medial group (axial musculature; rhythmic and postural movements) Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Final common path: motor pool
Reticular Formation
Core of brainstem (midbrain, pons and medulla) composed of loosely organized neurons, outside of the major nuclear groups of the brainstem. Medial-to-lateral: raphe nuclei, gigantocellular region, small cell region Participate in widespread connections Rostral continuation of interneuronal network found in spinal cord
Cerebellar pathways
Conduct impulses from the leg and trunk muscles for unconscious proprioception Dorsal & Ventral Spinocerebellar Tracts Enter cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle
Cerebellar pathways
Tracts, cerebellar afferent and efferent nuclei
CPGs: rhythmic chewing, respiration, cardiovascular regulation & gain adjustments for reflexes Modulatory systems: locus coeruleus, raphe & substantia nigra
Chemically coded nuclei
Corticospinal Tract
Caudal Medulla
Closed medulla
Caudal Medulla
Medulla
Rostral Medulla
Rostral Medulla
Medulla-Pons Junction
Mesencephalon
VII
X
XI
www.neurophys.com/EMG/Cranial_Nerves/
Tract:
retinal ganglion cells optic chiasm thalamus primary visual cortex in occipital lobe
Movement of eyeball & lens accomodation 4 eyeball muscles & 1 eyelid muscle
Component #2:
Nucleus location: Function: Structure(s) Innervated:
Parasympathetic
midbrain pupil constriction ciliary muscle and pupillary constrictor muscles
Structure(s) Innervated:
Function:
Structure(s) Innervated: Component #2: Nucleus location: Function: Structure(s) Innervated:
Structure(s) Innervated:
Structure(s) Innervated:
Sensory
medulla (1) chemoreceptors; (2) pain receptors; (3) sensations; (4) taste (1) blood oxygen concentration, carotid bodies; (2) respiratory & digestive tracts; (3) external ear, larynx & pharynx (4) tongue
Structure(s) Innervated:
Structure(s) Innervated:
Parasympathetic
smooth muscles and glands of the same areas innervated by motor component, as well as thoracic and abdominal areas
Motor
head rotation (& shoulder shrugging!) accessory nucleus in medulla trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles