Chapter 3 - Introduction To C

ENG 054: COMPUTING ENGINEERING II
Chapter 3 : Introduction to C Programming
Objectives :
1. To understand the basic components of C program 2. To introduce the concepts of - Data types - Identifiers : variables & constants - Arithmetic operators 3. To introduce standard input & output function
Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012
Components of C Program
C program have parts and components that serve specific purposes BUT, the parts of C programs are not always in the same place
Example of C Program
Output of C program
output
Example :
Write a program to calculate and display an area of a cylinder side. Area of cylinder side is calculated using the following formula :Area of cylinder = 2rh ; where r is the radius and h is the height. Your program will calculate the area of cylinder side based on the given input (i.e radius and height) from the user.
Structure of a C Program
Juliana Jaafar 2011/2012
//Written by: Rosmiza Wahida /*This program is to calculate the area of a cylinder*/ #include <stdio.h> #define pi 3.142 float A_cyl; int main() { float radius, height; printf(Please enter radius: ); scanf(%f,&radius); printf(Please enter height: ); scanf(%f,&height); A_cyl = 2*pi*radius*height; printf(Area for the cylinder is %f , A_cyl); return 0; }
Comments
Preprocessor directive
Global declaration
main() function
Local declaration
Statements
Function body
Return Statement
Preprocessor Directive
Will be read first before the program is compiled
Indicated by pound sign (#) together with keyword
#include to include the contents of another file
#define to define global variable/constant

** No space between # and include
Preprocessor Directive
#include <stdio.h>
stdio.h
Is the name of the file that is to be included. Dot h indicates the type of the file header file Allow C program to display output on the screen printf() and read input from the keyboard scanf()
#define pi 3.142
pi - Name of constant 3.142 value of the constant
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main() function
C Program can have one or more functions, exactly one MUST be main() function int main()
int stands for Integer. It indicates that the function sends an integer back to operating system when it is finished executing main() the name of the function
MUST be followed by set of braces ({ }) indicates a block, the beginning and ending of a function
All statements (function body) that make up a function are enclosed in a set of braces
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Comments
Use : to document programs and improve program readability
Help other people read and understand others program
IGNORED by C compiler and DO NOT cause any machine-language object code to be generated. DO NOT cause the computer to perform any action when the program is run. CAN be put ANYWHERE in the program
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Comments
Two format
Line comment
Marked by two slashes (//) at the beginning of comment For short comment in a single line Example:
//Written by : Rosmiza Wahida
Block comment
Marked by opening token(/*) and closing token (*/) For long comment Example :
/*This program is to calculate the area of a cylinder*/
Comments CANNOT be nested (comments inside comments)

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Function Body
Enclosed by a set of braces ({ }) Function contains
Local declaration
Declaration of data that will be used for the function/program Example :
float radius, height;
Statements @ Program body

Set of instructions of what the function/program should do
Return Statement
Return value that sends back to operating system Example :
return 0; ** 0 usually indicates that a program executes successfully
14
Common Programming Language Elements

Syntax
Rules that must be followed when constructing a program
Lines
A line is a single line appear in the body of program
Statement
A complete instruction that causes the computer to perform some action
Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 Juliana 2011/2012 Jaafa CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012
15
Common Programming Language Elements

Keywords (Reserve Words)
Words that have special meaning and used for intended purpose
Programmer-Defined Identifier (Identifier)

Words/names defined by programmer. Symbolic names refer to variables or functions
Operators
Operator perform operations on one or more operands
Punctuations
Punctuation characters mark the beginning or ending of a statement, or separate item in a list
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Punctuations
Comma (,) use to separate item in a list
Use to separate item in a list Example :
float radius, height;
Semicolon (;)
Use at the end of a complete instruction Example :
float radius, height; printf(Please enter radius: ); A_cyl = 2*pi*radius*height; return 0;
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Reserve Word/Keyword
Special words reserve for C Program which have specific meaning and purpose CANNOT be used as identifiers or variable name Appear in lower case
C and C++ Reserved Words auto break case char const continue default do double else enum extern float for goto if int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while
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Identifiers
Allows programmers to NAME data and other objects in the program
variable, constant, function etc. Rules in naming identifiers MUST consist ONLY of alphabetic characters (uppercase or lower case), digits and underscores (_) First character MUST be alphabetic character or underscore CANNOT contain spaces CANNOT duplicate with any reserved word
** C is CASE-SENSETIVE
this means that NUM1, Num1, num1, and NuM1 are Juliana Jaafar four completely different name. CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012
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Example of Valid & Invalid Identifiers

Valid Identifiers
A student_name _aSystemName Pi Al stdntNm anthrSysNm PI
Invalid Identifiers
$sum // $ is illegal 2names // cant start with 2 stdnt Nmbr // cant have space int // reserved word
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Variables
Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's memory Every variable has a NAME, a DATA TYPE, a SIZE and a VALUE A variable is created via a declaration where its name and type are specified. Example :
int integer1, integer2, sum;
Whenever a new value is placed into a variable (through scanf(), for example), it replaces (and destroys) the previous value
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Variable Declaration
Specifies in the memory to reserve a specific space for the variable that have the specific location and can store specific data type. MUST be declared before the executable of the statement Variable need to FIRST declare before it being used Syntax : data type variable name; Example int maxItems = 0; float payRate; double tax; char code; int a, b; // equivalent to int a; int b; Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012
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Example of Variable in Memory
long int
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Data Types
Variables are classified according to their data type
Determine the kind of information stored in variables Address, phone numbers, price, distance, and etc.
Functions also have types which determine by the data it returns C Program have 5 standard data types: void int Integer e.g. 1244,-87 char Character e.g a, A double Floating-point e.g 0.5678, -3.25 float : Floating-point (less precision)
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Data Type - void

Has no values and operations
Usually use for function Example : void printMessage()
Both set of values are empty
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Data Type - char

Use for storing character
Stored in memory as 1-byte integer data type WHY? Each printable and non-printable character is represented by a unique number in computer memory.
Observe the output!!
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Numeric Data Type

In C Program, numeric data types are broken into 2 categories: Integer
Whole numbers Example : 12, 157, -34 and 2
Floating point
Numbers that have decimal point Example : 23.7, 189.0231 and 0.987
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Numeric Data Type

Both Integer and Floating-point data type can be broken into more classifications Primary consideration for selecting data type: The largest and smallest number that maybe stored in the variable How much memory does the variable use Whether the variable stores signed or unsigned numbers The number of decimal places of precision the variable has
The size of variable is the number of bytes of memory it uses. (> varible > range can hold)
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Integer Data Type

To store WHOLE NUMBER without fraction C program supports 3 different sizes of integer short int int long int
Type Byte Size
short int unsigned short int int unsigned int long int
unsigned long int
2 2 2 2 4
4
Minimum Value -32,768 0
Maximum Value
32,767 65,535 32,767 65,535 2,147,483,647

4,294,967,295
-32,768 0 -2,147,483,648
0
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Floating Point Data Type

To store FLOATING-POINT number C program supports 3 different sizes of integer float double long double
Type
float double long double
Byte Size
4 8 16
Precision
6 15 19
Range
10-37 ..1038 10-307 ..10308 10-4931 ..104932
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Variable Initialization
To establish the first value that the variable will contain Syntax :
data_type variable_name = value;
Example :
int count = 5; int sum = 0; int count=0 , sum = 0; char letter = B;
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Constants
To define values that CANNOT be changed during the execution of a program Types of constant
Integer constant Float constant Character constant String constant Symbolic constant
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Constants
3 ways of defining a constant
Literal Constant Defined Constant using preprocessor Defined Constant using const
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Literal Constants
An unnamed constant used to specify data If the data cannot be changed, it can simply code the value itself in a statement Example :
A 5 a+5 3.1435 Hello // a char literal // a numeric literal 5 // numeric literal // a float literal // a string literal
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Defined Constants
2 ways : Using preprocessor : #define
Example : #define pi 3.142
Using keyword : const

Example const int a = 1;
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Assignment Operator (=)

To assign the value of variable or expression into to a variable. Example:
a = b; result = n1*n1; areaOfCircle = 3.142 * r * r; alphabet = A;
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Arithmetic Operators
Use to manipulate numeric values and perform arithmetic operation Assume ; int a=4, b= 5, d;
C Operation Addition Substraction Multiplication Division Modulus Arithmetic Operator + * / % C Expression d=a+b d=b-2 d=a*b d = a/2 d = b%3 Value of d after assignment 9 3 20 2 2
37
Arithmetic Operators Assignment Operators

Assume ;
int x = 4, y=5, z=8;
Assignment Operator +=
-= *= /= %=
Sample Expression x += 5
y -= x x *= z z /=2 y %=x
Similar Expression x=x+5

y=y-x x = x*z z = z/2 y = y%x
Value of variable after assignment x=9

y=1 x=32 z=4 y=1
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Arithmetic Operator Increment & Decrement Operator

Operator Called Sample Expression ++a Similar Expression a = a +1 a += 1 ++ postincrement a++ a = a +1 a += 1 -predecrement --a a = a -1 a -= 1 -postdecrement a-a = a -1 Explanation ++ preincrement Increment a by 1, then use the new value of a in expression in which a reside Use the current value of a in the expression which a reside, then increment a by 1 Decrement a by 1, then use the new value of a in expression in which a reside Use the current value of a in the expression which a reside, then decrement a by 1
a -= 1
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Example : Increment Operator

Statements
int c=5; printf( "%d", ++c ); c=5; printf( "%d", c++ ); int c=5; ++c; printf( "%d", c ); int c=5; c++; printf( "%d", c ); char alphabet = 'D'; alphabet++; printf ("\n%c", alphabet); printf ("\n%c", alphabet++); printf ("\n%c", ++alphabet);
Output
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Decision Making : Relational & Equality Operator

Assume ; int y=6, x=5;
Relational Operators > < >= <= Sample Expression y>x y<2 x>=3 y<=x Value T (1) F (0) T (1) F (0)
Equality Operators
== !=
Sample Expression
x==5 y!=6
Value
T(1) F(0)
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Logical Operator
Logical Operators && || ! Called AND OR NOT Sample Operation expression1 && expression 2 expression1 | | expression2 ! expression
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Example :
Assume;
int x=50;
Sample Expression !(x==60) !(x!=60) Expression 0 (False) 1 (True) !Expression 1 (True) 0 (False)
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Example : AND (&&)

Assume;
int x=4, y = 5, z=8;
Expression1 Sample Expression Expression2 Expression1 && Expression2 0 (False) 0 (False)
( y > 10) && ( z < =x )
0 (False)
( z < = y) && ( x = = 4) ( y ! = z) && ( z < x ) ( z > = y ) && ( x ! = 3)
0 (False) 1 (True) 1 (True)
1 (True) 0 (False) 1 (True)
0 (False) 0 (False) 1 (True)
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Example : OR (||)
Assume;
int x = 4, y=5, z=8;
Expression1 Sample Expression Expression2 Expression1 && Expression2 0 (False) 0 (False)
( y > 10) || ( z < =x )
0 (False)
( z < = y) || ( x = = 4) ( y ! = z) || ( z < x ) ( z > = y ) || ( x ! = 3)
0 (False) 1 (True) 1 (True)
1 (True) 0 (False) 1 (True)
1 (True) 1 (True) 1 (True)
45
Operator Precedence
Operators () ++ - - + - ! Associative Left to right Right to left
* / %
+ < <= > >= = = != && || = *= += - = /= %=
Left to right
Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right Right to left
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Example : Operator Precedence

Example 1 int a=10, b=20, c=15, d=8; a*b/(-c*31%13)*d 1. a*b/(-15*31%13)*d 2. a*b/(-15*31%13)*d 3. a*b/(-465%13)*d 4. a*b/(-10)*d 5. 200/(-10)*d 6. -200*d 7. -160 Example 2 int a=15, b=6, c=5, d=4;
d *= ++b a/3 + c
1. d *= ++b a/3+ c 2. d*=7- a/3+c 3. d*=7- 5+c 4. d*=2 + c 5. d*= 7 6. d = d*7 7. d = 28
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Standard Output & Input Function

Output function printf()
To display information on the computers screen Example :
printf(Programming is great FUN!! Loving IT!);
Input function scanf()

To read data typed from the keyboard Example :
printf(Please enter an integer value >>\n); scanf(%d, val1);
** MUST include <stdio.h> header file
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Escape Sequence
Indicates that printf() should do something out of the ordinary When encountering a backslash(\) in a string, the compiler looks ahead at the next character and combines it with the backslash to form an escape sequence.
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Standard Output Function

2 Syntax of printf()
printf(FormatControlString);
Example : printf (Hello Dear, \n);
printf(FormatControlString Format specifier, PrintList);

Example : int year=2006; printf(Year is %d, year);
To read the value of an integer from this variable
Specifier for printing an integer value
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Common Output Format Specifiers

Specifies the argument type
Data Type int float double char string %d %f %lf %c %s Format Specifiers
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Example : printf() function

printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );
%d means decimal integer will be printed sum specifies what integer will be printed
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Different Ways of Formatting printf()

Display normal message printf("Hello Welcome to C"); Display space printf("\tWelcome"); Display new line printf("\n"); Printing value of variable printf("Addition of two Numbers : %d",sum); Printing value of the calculation printf("Addition of two Numbers : %d", num1+num2);Juliana Jaafar
CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012
53

Multiple format specifier printf("I Love %c %s",'c',"Programming"); Display integer in different styles
printf(\n%d",1234); printf(\n%3d",1234); printf(\n%6d",1234); printf(\n%-6d",1234); printf(\n%06d",1234);
Output 1234 1234 ##1234 1234## 001234
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Display fraction number in different styles
printf("\n%f",1234.12345); printf("\n%.4f",1234.12345); printf("\n%3.2f",1234.12345); printf("\n%-15.2f",1234.12345); printf("\n%15.2f",1234.12345); Output 1234.123450 //by default, it will print 6 values after the decimal 1234.1235 1234.12 1234.12######## ########1234.12
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char str[]="Programming"; // Length = 11 printf("\n%s",str); // Display Complete String printf("\n%10s",str); // 10 < string Length, thus display Complete String printf("\n%15s",str); // Display Complete String with RIGHT alignment printf("\n%-15s",str); // Display Complete String with LEFT alignment printf("\n%15.5s",str); //Width=15 and show only first 5 characters with RIGHT alignment printf("\n%-15.5s",str); //Width=15 and show only first 5 characters with LEFT alignment Output Programming Programming ####Programming Programming#### ##########Progr Progr########## Juliana Jaafar
CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012
Display fraction number in different styles
56
Standard Input Function

Syntax of scanf()
scanf(FormatControlString, InputList); Example: int age;
scanf(%d, &age);
** FormatControlString MUST consist of format

specifiers only ** Each element in InputList must be an ADDRESS to a memory location for which it must be made into ** Address of memory location is specified by prefixing the variable name with an ampersand character (&) address operator
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Common scanf() Format Specifiers

Data Type int %d Format Specifiers
float
double char string
%f
%lf %c %s
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Example : scanf() Function

scanf( "%d", &integer1 );
%d - indicates data should be an integer value &integer1 - location in memory to store variable
** When executing the program the user responds to the scanf() statement by typing in a number, then pressing the enter (return) key
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Example : scanf() Function

double height; int year; scanf(%lf, &height); scanf(%d, &year); scanf(%lf, height); /* This is an error!! */
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Example : Inputting Multiple Values with a single scanf()

int height; char ch; double weight; scanf(%d %c %lf, &height, &ch , &weight); Put space between the specifiers ** It is always better to use multiple scanf()s, where each reads a single value
1 /* Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.c 2 Addition program */ 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 5 int main() 6 { 7 int integer1, integer2, sum; declaration */ 8 9 printf( "Enter first integer\n" ); prompt */ 10 scanf( "%d", &integer1 ); an integer */ "Enter second integer\n" ); 11 printf( prompt */ 12 scanf( "%d", &integer2 ); an integer 13 sum = */ integer1 + integer2; assignment of "Sum sum */ 14 printf( is %d\n", sum ); print sum */ 15 16 return 0; /* indicate that program successfully */ 17 } Enter first integer 45 Enter second integer 72 Sum is 117
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/*
1. Initialize variables 2. Input
/* /* read /* /* read /* /*
2.1 Sum 3. Print
ended
Program Output
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Example of C Program
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int num1; scanf(%d,&num1 ); printf(You key in %d\n,num1); return 0; }
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Structure of a C Program

Chapter 3 - Introduction To C

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Chapter 3 - Introduction To C

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ENG 054: COMPUTING ENGINEERING II

Chapter 3 : Introduction to C Programming

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

#define to define global variable/constant

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Comments CANNOT be nested (comments inside comments)

Statements @ Program body

Common Programming Language Elements

Common Programming Language Elements

Programmer-Defined Identifier (Identifier)

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Example of Valid & Invalid Identifiers

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Example of Variable in Memory

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Data Type - void

Both set of values are empty

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Data Type - char

Observe the output!!

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Numeric Data Type

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Numeric Data Type

Integer Data Type

Minimum Value -32,768 0

32,767 65,535 32,767 65,535 2,147,483,647

Floating Point Data Type

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Using keyword : const

Assignment Operator (=)

Arithmetic Operators Assignment Operators

Similar Expression x=x+5

Value of variable after assignment x=9

Arithmetic Operator Increment & Decrement Operator

Example : Increment Operator

Decision Making : Relational & Equality Operator

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Example : AND (&&)

( y > 10) && ( z < =x )

( z < = y) && ( x = = 4) ( y ! = z) && ( z < x ) ( z > = y ) && ( x ! = 3)

0 (False) 1 (True) 1 (True)

1 (True) 0 (False) 1 (True)

0 (False) 0 (False) 1 (True)

( y > 10) || ( z < =x )

( z < = y) || ( x = = 4) ( y ! = z) || ( z < x ) ( z > = y ) || ( x ! = 3)

0 (False) 1 (True) 1 (True)

1 (True) 0 (False) 1 (True)

1 (True) 1 (True) 1 (True)

Example : Operator Precedence

Standard Output & Input Function

Input function scanf()

** MUST include <stdio.h> header file

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Juliana Jaafar CSC 099 Semester 2 2011/2012

Standard Output Function

printf(FormatControlString Format specifier, PrintList);

Specifier for printing an integer value