Force System Resultants 4

Engineering Mechanics:
Statics in SI Units, 12e
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter Objectives
Concept of moment of a force in two and three
dimensions
Method for finding the moment of a force about a
specified axis.
Define the moment of a couple.
Determine the resultants of non-concurrent force
systems
Reduce a simple distributed loading to a resultant force
having a specified location
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter Outline
1. Moment of a Force Scalar Formation
2. Cross Product
3. Moment of Force Vector Formulation
4. Principle of Moments
5. Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
6. Moment of a Couple
7. Simplification of a Force and Couple System
8. Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System
9. Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.1 Moment of a Force Scalar Formation
Moment of a force about a point or axis a measure
of the tendency of the force to cause a body to rotate
about the point or axis
Torque tendency of rotation caused by F
x
or simple
moment (M
o
)
z


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4.1 Moment of a Force Scalar Formation
Magnitude
For magnitude of M
O
,
M
O
= Fd (Nm)
where d = perpendicular distance
from O to its line of action of force

Direction
Direction using right hand rule
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4.1 Moment of a Force Scalar Formation
Resultant Moment
Resultant moment, M
Ro
= moments of all the forces
M
Ro
= Fd
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Example 4.1
For each case, determine the moment of the force about
point O.
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Solution
Line of action is extended as a dashed line to establish
moment arm d.
Tendency to rotate is indicated and the orbit is shown as
a colored curl.
) ( . 200 ) 2 )( 100 ( ) ( CW m N m N M a
o
= =
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
) ( . 5 . 37 ) 75 . 0 )( 50 ( ) ( CW m N m N M b
o
= =
) ( . 229 ) 30 cos 2 4 )( 40 ( ) ( CW m N m m N M c
o
= + =

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
) ( . 4 . 42 ) 45 sin 1 )( 60 ( ) ( CCW m N m N M d
o
= =

) ( . 0 . 21 ) 1 4 )( 7 ( ) ( CCW m kN m m kN M e
o
= =
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4.2 Cross Product
Cross product of two vectors A and B yields C, which
is written as
C = A X B
Magnitude
Magnitude of C is the product of
the magnitudes of A and B and
sine of angle
For angle , 0 180

C = AB sin



Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.2 Cross Product
Direction
Vector C has a direction that is perpendicular to the
plane containing A and B such that C is specified by
the right hand rule
Expressing vector C when
magnitude and direction are known

C = A X B = (AB sin)u
C



Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.2 Cross Product
Laws of Operations
1. Commutative law is not valid
A X B B X A
Rather,
A X B = - B X A
Cross product B X A yields a
vector opposite in direction to C

B X A = -C
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.2 Cross Product
Laws of Operations
2. Multiplication by a Scalar
a( A X B ) = (aA) X B = A X (aB) = ( A X B )a

3. Distributive Law
A X ( B + D ) = ( A X B ) + ( A X D )
Proper order of the cross product must be maintained
since they are not commutative
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.2 Cross Product
Cartesian Vector Formulation
A more compact determinant in the form a special
utility for a cross-product in Cartesian vector form
z y x
z y x
B B B
A A A
k j i
B X A

=
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation
Moment of force F about point O can be expressed
using cross product
M
O
= r X F

Magnitude
For magnitude of cross product,
M
O
= rF sin
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation
Direction
Direction and sense of M
O
are determined by right-
hand rule
*Note:
- curl of the fingers indicates the sense of rotation
- Maintain proper order of r and F since cross product
is not commutative

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation
Principle of Transmissibility
For force F applied at any point along the line of action
of the force, moment about O is M
O
= r x F
F has the properties of a sliding vector, thus

M
O
= r
1
X F = r
2
X F = r
3
X F
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation
Cartesian Vector Formulation
For force expressed in Cartesian form,



With the determinant expended,
M
O
= (r
y
F
z

r
z
F
y
)i
(r
x
F
z
- r
z
F
x
)j + (r
x
F
y

y
F
x
)k
z y x
z y x O
F F F
r r r
k j i
F X r M

= =
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4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation
Resultant Moment of a System of Forces
Resultant moment of forces about point O can be
determined by vector addition

M
Ro
= (r x F)
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 4.4
Two forces act on the rod. Determine the resultant
moment they create about the flange at O. Express the
result as a Cartesian vector.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
Position vectors are directed from point O to each force
as shown.
These vectors are


The resultant moment about O is
{ }
{ }m 2 5 4
m 5
k j i r
j r
OB
OA
+ =
=
( )
{ } m kN 60 40 30
30 40 80
2 5 4
20 40 60
0 5 0
+ =

+

=
+ = =

k j i
k j i k j i
F r F r F r M
OB OA O

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

4.4 Principles of Moments
Also known as Varignons Theorem
Moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum of
the moments of the forces components about the point
Since F = F
1
+ F
2
,


M
O
= r X F
= r X (F
1
+ F
2
)
= r X F
1
+ r X F
2
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 4.5
Determine the moment of the force about point O.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
The moment arm d can be found from trigonometry,


Thus,


Since the force tends to rotate or orbit clockwise about
point O, the moment is directed into the page.

( ) m 898 . 2 75 sin 3 = = d
( )( ) m kN 5 . 14 898 . 2 5 = = = Fd M
O