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HUAWEI Confidential
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Introduction
CW test (Continuous Wave test) is an important step of Propagation Model Tuning. According to the CW test data (including latitude/longitude and received level) and corresponding Digital maps, we can get the accurate Propagation Model through tuning.
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CONTENT
Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation
and CW Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning
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Propagation
Section 2 Principle of
Test
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Classification Extremely Low Frequency Voice Frequency Very-low Frequency Low Frequency Medium Frequency High Frequency Very High Frequency Ultra High Frequency Super High Frequency Extremely High Frequency
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Oscillator
Magnetic field
Electric field
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Propagation Path
Perpendicular incidence wave and ground reflection wave (most common propagation modes)
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Reflected wave of building Diffracted wave Direct wave Reflected wave on the ground HUAWEI Confidential
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-20
-40
Slow fading -60 Attenuation: Pr is in direct proportion to 1/dn. Shadow: obstructed by barriers Fast fading Multipath effect Fast changes to signal strength at small distance and time interval Doppler frequency shift Delay spread
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10
20
30
d (m)
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Diversity Technology
Measures against fast fading- diversity technologies
Explicit diversity
Space diversity Polarization diversity Frequency diversityGSM-frequency hopping; WCDMA-spread spectrum
Implicit diversity
Implicit diversity uses signal processing technologies to hide diversity functions into signals under transmission, such as RAKE reception technology, interleaving and error code correction. Regarded as time diversity
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Delay Spread
Multipath propagation: Signals on different paths reach the receiver at different time. When the receiver fails to distinguish multipath signals, co-channel interference (CCI) occurs. In the WCDMA system, only the multipath delay larger than one chip period (0.26s) can be recognized. Typical value (s): Open < 0.2, Suburban = 0.5, Urban = 3
Solutions Equalization and RAKE technology
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V(km/h)
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Loss
Diffraction loss T T R R Penetration loss
Clutter loss
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Penetration Loss
Indoor signals depend on penetration loss of building. Signals are different at the indoor window and in the middle of room. Building materials have great effect on penetration loss. The reference angle of electromagnetic wave have great effect on penetration loss.
w1 0 0 d D w2 0 0
E2
E1
WdBm XdBm
Reflection and refraction of electromagnetic wave through the wall
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Penetration loss=X-W=B dB
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Penetration Loss
Obstacle/penetration loss is:
Partition obstruction: 520dB Floor obstruction: 20dB Obstruction of furniture and other barriers: 215dB Thick glass: 610dB Penetration loss of the carriage of the train: 1530dB Penetration loss of lift: 30dB or so Loss of thick leaves: 10dB
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Reflection Loss
Water
Paddy field
Field
0.91 01
0.60.8 2 4
0.30.5 610
0.10.2 1420
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Radio propagation environment determines the propagation models directly. And propagation environment is impacted by the following factors: Landform: mountain, hill, plain, waters, and vegetation Clutter: building, road and bridge Noise: natural noise and artificial noise Climate: rain, snow and ice (tiny effect on UHF band)
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Radio environment is classified as follows, according to ITU-R P.1411-1 and specific conditions in China.
Propagation environment
Dense urban Description Many tall buildings, signals fail to diffract from the roof of building . Signals can diffract from the roof due to low buildings and wide streets. Low and sparse buildings Low and sparse buildings, but with lots of vegetation
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Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of Propagation
Model Tuning
Section 3 Purpose of CW Test Section 4 Basic Principle of CW
Test
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Propagation model is used to predict the effect of terrain, obstacle and artificial environment on the path loss.
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For: 1500-2000MHz
COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model For: 800M-2000MHz Keenan-Motley model
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Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of
CW Test
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Purpose of CW Test
GPS
with prediction results, and then tune the propagation parameters to improve the accuracy of coverage prediction.
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Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of
Test
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The CW test data must represent the characteristic of electromagnetic wave in this area.
Balance
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of electromagnetic wave by the proportion of different clutters in this area.
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CONTENT
Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation
and CW Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning
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CW Test Flow
Platform in Networking
Section 3 Drive Test
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Site Selection
Principles of site selection
Number of sites: It is usually agreed that a minimum of 5 sites should be
tested in large and dense city, but one site is enough in the city, which mainly depends on antenna height and EIRP.
Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter
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Site Selection
Standards of site selection
a. Antenna height should be greater than 20m. b. The antenna should be 5m higher than the nearest obstacle. c. The obstacle mainly refers to the highest building on the roof where the antenna is installed. The building where the site is located should be higher than average height of surrounding buildings.
5m
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CW Test Flow
Platform in Networking
Section 3 Drive Test
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antenna holder
Rx subsystem: test receiver, GPS receiver, test software and laptop
Tx antenna
Signal source
TMA
RF cable 1 RF cable 2
Rx antenna
Power supply
Laptop
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during networking:
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CW Test Flow
Platform in Networking
Section 3 Drive Test
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Drive Test
Keep to the following standards to select a test path
Landform: The test route must cover all main landforms in the area. Height: The test route must cover landforms with different height in this area
area.
Direction: The test points must be consistent on the horizontal and vertical
route.
LengthThe total distance of one CW test should be longer than 60km.
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Drive Test
Lee criteria for sampling: 50 samples by 40
The maximum vehicle speed: Vmax=0.8/Tsample Delete test results from the sampled data under abnormal
conditions:
causes
In tunnels
Under the viaducts
Select test routes from the main lobe coverage area if directional
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CONTENT
Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation
and CW Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning
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Data Filtering
Data to be filtered is as follows:
1. Data tested in the places where GPS is unable to locate accurately (such as under the overhead rack,
in the tunnel).
2. Data obtained when the distance to antenna is too near or far. 3. Data obtained with too weak
signals.
4. Error data caused by inexact AP (antenna pattern). 5. Other data inconsistent with the
Section 1 Data Filtering Section 2 Data Dispersion Section 3 Data Binning Section 4 Format Conversion
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Data Dispersion
Propagation in mobile communications can be indicated as
follows:
X: distance
x L
r(x): received signals r0(x): Raileigh Fading m(x): local mean value, the combination of long-term fading and space propagation loss 2L: average length between sampling areas, also called intrinsic length
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Data Dispersion
The CW test is to obtain the local mean value of each geography
location in some areas as far as possible, i.e. the difference of r(x) and m(x) should be the minimum value. In this sense, effect of Raileigh Fading should be excluded.
When the intrinsic length equals 40 wavelength and the number of
sampling points is 50, the difference of test data and actual local mean value can be less than 1dB according to Lee criteria.
Intrinsic length is average length for binning (2G band is 6 m long,
namely, 40 wavelength)
Since the locating speed of GPS is far lower than the receiving
speed of the receiver, the dispersion processing is required before the binning.
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Data Dispersion
The principle of dispersion processing is as follows:
Conditions:
There are many test records arranged under each locating point in time sequence because the receiving speed of the receiver is far higher than the locating speed of GPS.
Processing:
Equally distribute these records to the route section between two points in time sequence so that there will be sufficient points in every 6m range on test route.
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Section 1 Data filtering Section 2 Data Dispersion Section 3 Data Binning Section 4 Format Conversion
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Data Binning
Objectives:
Reserve the impact of slow fading but eliminate the fast fading
Methods:
Method 1: make grids for the whole area with 6m side, perform the arithmetic average for the data located in each grid, and then take the grid center as the new location. Method 2: divide the path into sections in equal interval with 6m for each, and perform the arithmetic binning for the data in each section to select some point for the location of mean value.
Tool: CW Data Editor
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Section 1 Data Filtering Section 2 Data Dispersion Section 3 Data Binning Section 4 Format Conversion
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Format Conversion
The data format exported by Agilent E74xx Series is
X Y CW_Power_List__ Freq__Hz CW_Power_List__A mpl__dBm Time Date
as .dat file)
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CONTENT
Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation
and CW Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning
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Section 1 Preparation
Tuning
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Preparations
Installing network planning software:
UNET is powerful planning and optimization software and model tuning is only one of its functional modules.
Creating a project
In UNET, perform planning and optimization model tuning based on each project.
Importing antenna pattern file
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Model Tuning
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Establish a standard macrocell model to be tuned. Select the effective antenna height. Select a calculation method of diffraction loss.
Importing data
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GPS locating in CW test usually adopts WGS84 and UTM projection. However, digital maps in China do not use such projections and reference plane. Correct digital maps if CW test data does not correspond to them. Correction method:
Correct four parameters on rectangular coordinates in a digital map to realize the optimal match with the test data.
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Distance filtering:
Filter the data of which r is less than 150m or r is greater than 3000m.
Signal strength filtering:
Filter the data of which Signal is greater than -40dBm or Signal is less than 121dB.
Clutter filtering
Filter the Clutter in which sampling points are less than 300.
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Tune such parameters as log(d), log(Heff), Diff, log(d)log(Heff), Hmeff and Klutter to finally tune SPM propagation model.
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Parameter K
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6
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Analyze correctness of the acquired model after correction. Evaluate the correctness of the model with Std Dev, which refer to the binding degree of the acquired model and actual test environment. Make Std Dev less than 8 as much as possible in actual model tuning, which indicates that the tuned model and actual test environment are well bound.
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Summary
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Thank you
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