ADV1.1.11.03.

03
Smart Wireless Engineering Education Program
(SWEEP)
GSM Systems Training
(SYSTRA)
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Transmission
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Objectives
Differentiate between physical and logical channels.
List and describe the 12 different types of logical channels and
their functions.
Describe how the air interface properties affect the
transmission of speech between the mobile station and the
network and explain the GSM solutions to these problems.
Describe the main functions of Transcoder.
List the three types of connections between the BTS and BSC.
ADV1.1.11.03.03
GSM Frequency Allocation
GSM 900 890 - 915 MHz 935 - 960 MHz (124 channels)
Uplink Downlink
GSM 1800
1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz (374 channels)
GSM 1900 1850 - 1910 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz
BTS
MS
DCS (Digital Communication System)
PCS (Personal Communication System)
ADV1.1.11.03.03
General knowledge about RF
O We need more power to generate higher frequency RF signal
O Higher frequency RF signal is prone to attenuation
O Any BTS has a big electrical power source
O Any MS has only a small battery

O Therefore we should assign higher frequency for DOWNLINK!
O Lower frequency for UPLINK (MS - - - > BTS)
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Downlink 935-960 MHz 1805-1880 MHz
GSM 900 DCS 1800
Uplink 890-915 MHz 1710-1785 MHz
Duplex Distance 45 MHz 95 MHz
Carrier Separation 200KHz 200KHz
No. of Channels 25MHz/200KHz=124 75MHz/200KHz=374
Carrier Pairs (uplink/downlink)
890.0 935.0 1710.0 1805.0
890.2 935.2 1710.2 1805.2
890.4 935.4 1710.4 1805.4
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
914.8 959.8 1784.8 1879.8
915.0 960.0 1785.0 1880.0
Carrier Frequency Range
Remarks Wide Coverage
Better indoor
penetration
Higher Capacity in terms of available
channels
Less prone to co-channel interference
ADV1.1.11.03.03
TDMA is used
in GSM system
f1
f2
f3
FDMA
Frequency Division
4}4}
4 4 4

} } }
CDMA
Code Division
*+4^==*+4^=
******
4444444
========
TDMA Time
Division
ADV1.1.11.03.03
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7
4.615 ms
0.577 ms
1 TDMA FRAME
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
156.25 bits
Data Training Data
Tail or Speech F Sequence F or Speech Tail Guard
8.25
GSM Frame Structure
Physical Channel
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Logistical Problem
8 SEATS IN EVERY VEHICLE
8 timeslots for one frequency band
ADV1.1.11.03.03
MS Behavior
After the MS is switched on:
1. MS seeks for the strongest frequency among the 124 GSM 900
channels & 374 GSM 1800 channels in approximately 3 seconds)
2. MS tunes itself to the strongest frequency
3. Try to get synchronized with BTS
4. Retrieve necessary network information (LAI, network parameters,
etc.)
5. MS initiates LOCATION UPDATE eventually.
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Channels Required
Channel to transmit information to help the mobile station to tune into the
network
Channel to transmit synchronization information
Channel to transmit information about the network to help mobile know the
frequencies being used in its cell as well as the surrounding cells
Channel to transmit MSs request to initiate call set up
Channel to set up call
Channel to transmit handover information
Channel to page a called party
Channel to transmit measurements
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Conclusion: No channel left for
conversation!
Channels Required
Solution: We must send more than one type of
information on a channel by sharing it.
ADV1.1.11.03.03
LOGICAL
CHANNELS
COMMON
CHANNELS
DEDICATED
CHANNELS
DEDICATED
CONTROL
CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
CHANNELS
BROADCAST
CHANNELS
COMMON
CONTROL
CHANNELS
FCCH BCCH SCH
PCH RACH AGCH
SDCCH SACCH FACCH
TCH/F TCH/H TCH/ERF
Logical Channels
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Broadcast Channels
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
- Pure sine wave
- The MS searches for this channels to hook on
- Downlink
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
- After locking to the frequency the MS synchronizes with the SCH
- SCH contain the BSIC (Base Station Identity Code) used in MS
measurement report the BSC) of the BTS and TDMA frame number (used in
encryption)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
- Common information about the BTS:
used frequencies
channel combination
paging groups
neighboring cells information
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Common Control Channels
Paging Channel (PCH)
- BTS uses this channel to page a mobile
- downlink only
- SMS feature of GSM
Random Access Channel (RACH)
- MS uses to request a dedicated control channel
- Used for e.g. mobile originated call
- uplink channel only
Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
- BTS uses to assign a dedicated control channel
- downlink channel only
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Dedicated Control Channels
Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
- Bi-directional channel
- Used for call set-up procedures, e.g. authentication, send digits, IMEI
checking, ciphering
- Traffic channel is assigned using SDCCH
- this channel provides the SMS
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
- Associated with SDCCH and TCH
- Measurements reports
- MS power control
- timing alignment
- SMS (when MS is active)
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
- Associated with TCH
- For quick control communication, e.g. Handover
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Traffic Channels
Full Rate (TCH/FR)
- User data bit rate 13 kbits/s
- RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excited Long Term Prediction)
Half Rate (TCH/HR)
- User data bit rate 5.6 kbits/s
- VSELP (Vector-Sum Excited Linear Prediction)
Full Rate (Enhanced)
- User data bit rate 13 kbits/s
- Used for high quality speech transmission
- CELP (Code-Excited Linear Prediction) developed by Nokia and a university in
Canada
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Hey! Dont shout
at me, lower your
power...
FCCH
SCH TDMA#BSIC...
BCCH
Hey. Im a
GSM xmitter!
GSM?
GSM!!!
LAneigborscell infomax power...
Okok
BROADCAST CHANNELS
all downlink!
ADV1.1.11.03.03
COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS
PCH downlink only
Hello! You have a call.
RACH uplink only
Hello! I have to set
up a call.
I need SDCCH.
AGCH downlink only
Ok. Use SDCCH.
ADV1.1.11.03.03
DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS
uplink and downlink
SDCCH
SACCH
timing advance
MS power

FACCH

handover
On SDCCH:
-call set up signaling
-location updating
-periodic registration
-IMSI attach/detach
-SMS
-facsimile
etc..

On SACCH
-mobile transmits signal
strength on ncell quality
Dont shout
at me.
I cant hear
you.
ADV1.1.11.03.03
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
TCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH
SACCH
FACCH
ADV1.1.11.03.03
F D T T T T T T
S D T T T T T T
B D T T T T T T
B D T T T T T T
B D T T T T T T
B D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
F D T T T T T T
S D T T T T T T
C D A T A T A T
C D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
4.615 ms
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1 Frame
(Downlink - BTS transmit)
1 carrier = 200 kHz
F = FCCH
S = SCH
B = BCCH
C = PCH or
AGCH
D = SDCCH
A = SACCH
T = TCH
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D A I A I A I
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
4.615 ms
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1 Frame
(Uplink - Mobile transmit)
1 carrier = 200 kHz
R = RACH
A = SACCH
T = TCH
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Logical Channels in TDMA Frames
0 1 2 3 4 5 25 24 23 12
26 Frame - Multiframe
SACCH Unused
TDMA Frame
5 6 4 3 2 1 0 7
Dedicated Channels
0 1 2
50 49
51 Frame - Multiframe
TDMA Frame
5 6 4 3 2 1 0 7
Common Channels
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Burst and Timeslots in the Air Interface
BTS
TDMA Timeslot
TDMA Frame
Burst from Mobile Stations
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Burst Types
TB
3
Encrypted Bits
57
1 1
Training Sequence
26
Encrypted Bits
57
TB
3
GB
Normal Burst
Used to send all other logical information
GB
TB
3
TB
3
Fixed Bits
142
Frequency Correction Burst
Used to transmit FCCH channel. No information
TB
3
GB
TB
3
Encrypted Bits
39
Encrypted Bits
39
Synchronization Sequence
142
Synchronization Burst
Used to transmit synchronization information
TB
3
GB
68.25
TB
3
Encrypted Bits
36
Synchronization Sequence
41
Access Burst
Used to send the RACH information
Used to calculate the timing advance information
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Problems and Solutions in the Air Interface
O Multipath propagation
O Shadowing
O Propagation Delay
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Multipath Propagation
D0
D1
D2
A reflected signal that has traveled some distances causes
Inter Symbol Interference whereas near reflections cause
frequency dips.
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Solutions to Multipath Propagation Problem
Viterbi Equalization
By analyzing the effects of the radio propagation on the training
bits, the air interface is mathematically modeled as filter and the
transmitted info can be estimated.
Channel Coding
The user data is coded using standard algorithms for error
detection and correction purposes.
Interleaving
The spreading of the coded speech into many bursts.
Frequency Hopping
The frequency on which the information is transmitted is changed
for every burst.
Antenna Receiver Diversity
Two physically separated antennas receive and process the
same signal.
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Shadowing
Due to terrain or obstructions that attenuates the signal. Also
known as Log Normal Fading.
Solution: Adaptive Power Control (via SACCH)
Occur in Busy Mode only
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Propagation Delay
BTS
Allocated time slot
Effect due to propagation
delay
BTS
Allocated time slot
Solution using Adaptive Frame
Alignment
Occurs in busy mode only
ADV1.1.11.03.03
BTS Configuration
Omnidirectional BTS
f1, f2, f3
3 sectorized BTS
f5, f6
f1, f2
f3, f4
2 sectorized BTS
f1
f2
ADV1.1.11.03.03
BSC-BTS Configuration
BTS
BSC
BTS BTS
BTS
BTS BTS BTS
BTS BTS
BTS
Point to Point Connection
Cascaded
Ring
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Transcoder Positions
MSC
BSC
TC
BTS
Transcoder is at BTS site
13 kbps
64 kbps 64 kbps
MSC
BSC
TC
BTS
13 kbps
Transcoder is at MSC site
64 kbps 16(13 +3)kbps
ADV1.1.11.03.03
MSC
BSC
BTS
13 kbps
64 kbps
Transcoder and Submultiplexer
16 kbps
TC
TC
TC
TC
S
M
U
X
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Network Planning
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Objectives
List the main steps of the radio network planning process.
Define the main radio network parameters.
Explain how the frequencies are reused.
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Factors affecting network planning
- Intended coverage area
- Quality of calls
- Maximum congestion allowed (Grade of Service)
- Capacity of the network
- Cost of the infrastructure
- Future development of the network
ADV1.1.11.03.03
During the initial start-up phase, coverage is the big issue and
traffic demand is minimal.
O Collection of all relevant information (e.g. topographical maps,
statistical books, etc)
O Network dimensioning based on coverage and capacity requirements
O Selection of base station sites
O Survey of intended sites
O Use of computer aided design system for coverage prediction, interface
analysis and frequency planning
O Roll-out
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Network Planning System NPS/X
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
Database
NMS
Database
Network
Planning
Tools
Network
Measurement
System
Continuous improvements
and adaptation to demand
More reliable and well
managed parameterization
More streamed lined
operations
The heart of Nokia Integrated Planning Toolkit
ADV1.1.11.03.03
ADV1.1.11.03.03
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Dimensioning of cells
BTS
??? How many traffic channels does the cell need
to handle
??? How many traffic channels are necessary
ADV1.1.11.03.03
x Erlangs =
(calls per hour) X (average conversation time)
3600 seconds
Chs 1% 2% 3% 5%
1 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05
2 0.15 0.22 0.28 0.38


15 8.11 9.01 9.65 10.6
16 8.88 9.83 10.5 11.5
17 10.4 11.5 12.2 13.4
Erlang Table
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Frequency Reuse Pattern
Re-using the carrier frequencies according to well-proven
re-use patterns , neither co-channel interference nor
adjacent channel interference should become a problem,
if the cells have homogenous propagation properties for
the radio waves.
The re-use patterns recommended
for GSM are:
4/12 pattern
3/9 pattern

4/12 means that there are 4 three
sector sites supporting 12 cells
ADV1.1.11.03.03
4/12 RE-USE PATTERN
ADV1.1.11.03.03
3/9 RE-USE PATTERN
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Nokia Implementation
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Objectives
Differentiate between the generic GSM network architecture and
NOKIA implementation of it
Describe the DX200 platform modularity, distributed processing and
network element architecture
Describe the NMS functions and architecture
List the different types of NOKIA BTS
ADV1.1.11.03.03
THE GSM NETWORK
AC
Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Network Subsystem (NSS)
Network
Management
Subsystem (NMS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Mobile Station
Base Station
Controller (BSC)
Transcoder
(TCSM)
To other
networks
Authentication
Center
Equipment
Identity
Register
Visitor
Location
Register
Mobile
Switching
Center
HLR
VLR
EIR
MSC
Air I/F
Abis I/F
A I/F
Ater I/F
ADV1.1.11.03.03
THE GSM NETWORK
(NOKIA Implementation)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Network Subsystem (NSS)
Network
Management
Subsystem (NMS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Mobile Station
Short Message Service
Center (SMSC)
Base Station
Controller (BSC)
Transcoder
(TCSM)
To other
networks
Mobile
Switching
Center MSC
Air I/F
Abis I/F
A I/F
Ater I/F
AC EIR
HLR
VLR
Home
Location
Register
Co-located
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Centralized CPU Concept
Signalling towards subscribers
Collecting dialed numbers
Collecting charging data
Hunting for a free circuit
Making speech path
connections
Signalling towards other
exchanges
Subscriber data handling
Collecting statistical data
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Distributed Structure of Nokia DX Platform
Signalling
towards
subscribers
Signalling
towards other
exchanges
Collecting
dialled
numbers
Collecting
statistical data
Collecting
Charging Data
Supervising
the processes
running
Making
speech path
connections
Hunting for a
free circuits
Exchange
Computer units
Message Bus
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Advantages of DX 200 Platform
Distributed Processing
Easier to track and solve problems
Modularity
Only needed units can be installed to serve low amount of
subscribers at the networks first launch.
Easier network expansion by purchasing more modules
Reliability
Important functional units have redundancy
2N redundancy
N + 1 Redundancy
ADV1.1.11.03.03
DX200 MSC/VLR Architecture
CAPACITY : 600,000 Subscribers
(i series)
ADV1.1.11.03.03
DX200 MSC/VLR Architecture
Functional Units
Signalling units
Switching related units
Database & Statistics
related units
External interface &
Data related units
Other units
GSW
M
TGFP
CMU VLRU STU CHU CM
CLSU
VANG
CCSU BSU CASU
CCMU
PAU MFSU
OMU
BDCU
ET
ET
ECET
ECET
CDSU
Functional Units
Signalling units
Switching related units
Database & Statistics
related units
External interface &
Data related units
Other units
Functional Units
Signalling units
Switching related units
Database & Statistics
related units
External interface & Data
related units
Other units
Functional Units
Signalling units
Switching related units
Database & Statistics
related units
External interface &
Data related units
Other units
Functional Units
Signalling units
Switching related units
Database & Statistics
related units
External interface &
Data related units
Other units
Functional Units
Signalling units
Switching related units
Database & Statistics
related units
External interface &
Data related units
Other units
(i series)
ADV1.1.11.03.03
DX200 HLR/AC/EIR Architecture
(i series)
CAPACITY : 1,200,000 Subscribers
ADV1.1.11.03.03
NMS /2000 Architecture
Router
Data Communications
Network
LAN
Workstations
Servers
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Nokia BTS Architecture
Power Supply
TRU:
Transmission
Unit
BCF:
Base
Control
Functions
TRXU:
Transceiver Unit
Combiner
Tx
Rx
RxDiv
Tx
Rx
RxDiv
2Mb/s PCM
(Abis)
L1
L2
L3
D-Bus (2Mb/s line)
Air Interface
ADV1.1.11.03.03
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Transmission Unit
Power Supply Unit
2 Way Receiver
Multicoupler Unit
Wide Band Combiner
Duplexer
Baseband Units
Transceiver Unit
UltraSite using Wideband Combiner
Nokia Ultrasite
ADV1.1.11.03.03
UltraSite using Remote Tune Combiner
Remote Tune Combiner
(RTC)
6 Way Receiver
Multicoupler Unit
Nokia Ultrasite
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Communications, Inc.
ADV1.1.11.03.03
What is Microcell?
Designed for dense microcellular applications
It improves street-level coverage
Compact size, low weight, low power equipments are used
Suitable for short outdoor coverage with moderate indoor
requirement
Increase capacity to avoid congestion in the network
Minimizing network implementation time

ADV1.1.11.03.03
MetroSite BTS
Battery Back-up Unit (BBU)
Transmission Box
Antennas
Cable
Hardware Components
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Connection Diagram
Antennas
(outdoor)
Transmission
Box
(indoor or
outdoor)
BBU BTS
MetroSite
(indoor or outdoor)
220V AC
PLDT
LEASED
LINE
220V AC
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Figure: BTS Arrangement of units
Base Transceiver
Station
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Figure: Microcells built with Metrosite BTS
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Sample Installation
SMART Tower, Makati
Antenna
MetroSite
& BBU
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Makati Medical Center
Sample Installation
Antenna
BTS & BBU
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Royal Match Bldg.
Sample Installation
BTS, BBU &
Transmission Box
Antenna
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Sample Installation
Pole-mounted Metrosite
BTS & BBU
Antennas
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Next Step
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Objectives
Explain the principles of High Speed Circuit Switched Data
(HSCSD)
Identify the facilities of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Describe the capabilities of Enhanced Data rates over GSM
Evolution (EDGE)
Identify the facilities provided by the Wireless Application Protocol
(WAP)
Identify the 3
rd
Generation mobile systems and their facilities
ADV1.1.11.03.03
1st Gen Mobile -> Analog Mobile Phone
2nd Gen Mobile -> Digital Mobile Phone + new additional services
3rd Gen Mobile -> Multimedia Mobile Communication Systems
Digital Mobile Phone + Internet + High performance/high speed data
communication systems for multimedia
ETSI defines UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems
ITU defines IMT-2000: International Mobile Telecommunication Systems 2000
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Evolution of GSM to the 3rd Generation Mobile System
3rd Generation
UMTS
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
ADV1.1.11.03.03
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
TDMA Timeslot
TDMA Frame
BTS
Multiple Burst from
each mobile station
28.8 Kbits/s
57.6 Kbits/s
ADV1.1.11.03.03
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
+ Transmission of data in packet form
+ Achieve higher cost efficiency in data transmission compared to traditional
circuit mode
+ Dynamic data transmission speed
+ Mobile can stay connected to the network all day
+ Charging per data
ADV1.1.11.03.03
BTS
BSC
MSC
SGSN
GGSN
Intranet
PSTN
Network
SS7
NW
SMSC
HLR
CG
Billing
System
Router
Server
Local
Area NW
Corporate
GPRS
Backbone
IP Network
BG
InterPLMN
Network
Gateway GPRS
Support Node
Firewall
Serving GPRS
Support Node
Border
Gateway
Charging
Gateway
Home Location
Register
Short Message
Service Centre
Legal
Intercept
Internet
DNS
Domain
Name
Systems
PCU
Integrated Network
Management
GPRS/GSM Network
Data speed of up to 115Kbps
(using 8 TS)
ADV1.1.11.03.03
EDGE: Enhanced Data rates over GSM Evolution
+ Uses advance modulation technique (GMSK to 8PSK)
+ Reduce overhead that is used for error protection
+ Still using the 200Khz GSM channel and the current frequency band
+ Increase data transmission speed /TSL (14.4 Kbps -> up to 70Kbps)
+ Enable mobile users to retrieve data and handle multimedia services
+ Require minor changes in the network hardware and software
ADV1.1.11.03.03
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
To bring internet content (down-sized version) to the MSs
WAP is global standard for all digital systems eg. GSM, CDMA, and 3G
systems
WML (Wireless Markup Language) is the tag-based display language used
for WAP application and it is the down-sized variation of HTML providing
navigation support, data input, hyperlinks
Still use the data connection at 9.6Kbps
ADV1.1.11.03.03
Main objectives of IMT-2000
Full coverage and mobility for 144Kbits/s, preferably 384Kbits/s
Limited coverage and mobility for 2Mbits/s
Efficient use of radio spectrum compared with existing systems
Flexible architecture to allow introduction of new services
Wide Area/High Mobility
2nd Generation System
Evolved 2nd Generation Systems (GSM-HSCSD, GPRS)
GSM-EDGE
Short Distance/Low Mobility
10Kbps
144Kbps
384Kbps
2Mbps
IMT-2000
ADV1.1.11.03.03
3G Network Architecture
MSC HLR
3G-IWU
SGSN
GGSN
Packet Subsystem
NSS
IN Service Control Point
Radio
Network
Controller
BSC
UMTS
Base
Station
GSM
Base
Station
UMTS
Mobile
GSM/UMTS
Mobile
GSM
Mobile