Solar Thermal 050210

LowTemperature Solar Thermal Systems Course for Installers
1. Introduction
Energy System Environmental Considerations Economic and Market Aspects
Energy Routes
Introduction
1-1
World Primary Energy Reserves
Introduction
1-2
World Energy System
Introduction
1-3
Energy Consumption
Introduction
1-4
SolarThermal Facilities
Introduction
1-5
2. Solar Resources Solar Radiation
The Sun as an Energy Source Sun-Earth Geometry Interaction Between Solar Radiation and Earth Atmosphere Solar Radiation Measurements Solar Radiation Calculations Charts and Tables
The Sun as an Energy Source
Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
2-1
SunEarth Geometry
2-2
Solar Trajectory
2-3
Angular Denomination
2-4
Diagram of Solar Altitude with Silhouette of Obstacle
2-5
Interaction Between Solar Radiation and Earth Atmosphere
2-6
Solar Radiation on the Surface of the Earth
2-7
Measurement of Solar Radiation
2-8
Kipp & Zonen www.rg-messtechnik.de
Solar Radiation as a Function of the Weather
2-9
Solar Radiation Calculations
Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m d) City: London

6,00 5,00
kWh/m d
4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
www.solarpraxis.com
2-10
Annual radiation
2-11
3. Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Components of Solar Thermal Systems Collectors Storage Plan Heat Exchangers Expansion Chambers Other Components Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installations
Typical Solar Installations With Main Components Forced Circulation
Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
3-1
Typical Solar Installations with Main Components Thermosiphon Type
3-2
Components of a Solar Thermal Installation Forced Circulation
3-3
Components of a Solar Thermal Installation Thermosiphon Type
3-4
FlatPlate Solar Collector
3-5
FlatPlate Solar Thermal Collector Cutaway View
3-6
Vacuum Tube Collectors
3-7
Vacuum Tube Collectors
3-8
Principle of Solar Thermal Collection
3-9
Transmissive Selectivity (Greenhouse Effect)
3-10
Absorption Emission Selectivity
3-11
Efficiency of Solar Thermal Collector
3-12
Efficiency Curves of Collectors and Application Areas
3-13
Efficiency Curve of Solar Thermal Collector
3-14
Collector Without Transparent Cover
3-15
"Normal" SolarThermal Collector
3-16
Special PlateType Collectors
3-17
Valeriano Ruiz
Definition of Flat Collector Surfaces
3-18
Most Common Forms of Absorber Plates
3-19
Thermal Insulation of Collectors
3-20
ZFS Rationelle Energietechnik GmbH
Storage Tanks
3-21
Classification of Storage Tanks
3-22
Technical Details of Storage Tanks
J. Luchterhand
3-23
Temperature Stratification
3-24
Importance of Storage Tanks Insulation
3-25
TwinWall Heat Exchangers
3-26
Coil-Type Heat Exchangers
3-27
Outdoor Heat Exchangers
3-28
Expansion Chambers
3-29
Operation of Expansion Chamber
3-30
Piping
3-31
Copper Tubing
3-32
Thermal Insulation
3-33
Circulation Pumps
3-34
Valves: Definitions and Classification
3-35
Check Valves
3-36
Safety Valves
3-37
Air Purge Valve
3-38
Position of Purge Valves
3-39
Prefabricated Units of Components
3-40
Sensors
3-41
Other Components of Installations
J. Luchterhand
3-42
Subsystems
3-43
Collection
3-44
Circulation
3-45
Storage
3-46
Back-up
3-47
Thermosiphon Control
3-48
Control - Forced Circulation
3-49
Control Operating Principle
3-50
4. Solar Thermal Installations
Classification Basic Configurations Backup System
Solar Thermal Installations
www.solahart-europe.com
www.sole.gr
www.solarpraxis.com
4-1
Prefabricated Solar Systems
4-2
CustomBuilt Solar Systems
4-3
SolarThermal Installations
4-4
SolarThermal Installations
4-5
Configuration No. 1: Indirect, with Thermosiphon and Heat Exchanger Jacketing Solar Tank
4-6
Configuration No. 2: Indirect, with Forced Circulation, with Heat Exchanger Incorporated into Solar Tank
4-7
Configuration No. 3: Indirect with Forced Circulation with External Heat Exchanger
4-8
Backup System Instant, in Series
4-9
Back-up System Storage Tank in Series
4-10
Back-up System Electrical Resistance
4-11
5. Applications
Hot Household Water Pool Heating Backup System for Heating and AirConditioning Other Applications
Solar Thermal Systems Hot Water
Applications
5-1
www.solarpraxis.com
Hot Household Water
Applications
5-2
Pool Heating
Applications
5-3
Pool Heating
Applications
5-4
Hot Household Water and Pool Heating
Applications
5-5
Solar Radiation, Solar Demand and Supply
Applications
5-6
Backup for Heating Heated Floor
Applications
5-7
Backup for Heating Using Two Tanks
Applications
5-8
Backup for AirConditioning and Heating
Applications
5-9
PHNIX SonnenWrme AG
Process Heat
Applications
5-10
www.solarmillennium.de
Installation Examples
Applications 5-11
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Sonnenenergie e.V.
Applications
5-12
www.solarpraxis.com
Applications
5-13
www.solarpraxis.com
6. Design and Sizing
Design Criteria Sizing
Planning of an Installation
www.wagner-solar.com
Design and Sizing
6-1
Project Construction Process or Installation Memo
Design and Sizing
6-2
Viessmann AG
Hot Household Water Consumption
Design and Sizing
6-3
Meteorological Data
Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m d) City: London

6,00 5,00
kWh/m d
4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
www.solarpraxis.com
Design and Sizing
6-4
Criteria: Collector Orientation and Inclination
Design and Sizing
6-5
Site Inspection
Design and Sizing
6-6
Initial Sizing of Installations
Design and Sizing
6-7
Sizing of Collector
Design and Sizing
6-8
Sizing of Storage Tank
Design and Sizing
6-9
Shade
Design and Sizing
6-10
Sizing of Installations
Design and Sizing
6-11
Solar Coverage
Design and Sizing
6-12
Changes in Solar Coverage Over the Year
Place: London, United Kingdom

100,00 90,00 80,00
Solar fraction in %
70,00 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00

www.solarpraxis.com
FE B M A R
JU N
JU L AU G
EC D
JA N
AP
SE
M A
Design and Sizing
YE
AR
6-13
Connection Types of Collector Bank and Flow Rate
Design and Sizing
6-14
Pressure Loss in Collectors
Design and Sizing
6-15
Pressure Loss in Piping
Design and Sizing
6-16
Pressure Loss in Heat Exchangers (in This Case Coil Type)
Design and Sizing
6-17
Pressure Loss Due to Accessories and Other Components
J.Luchterhand
Design and Sizing
6-18
Sizing of Pumps
Design and Sizing
6-19
Sizing of Heat Exchangers
Design and Sizing
6-20
Sizing of Expansion Chamber
Design and Sizing
6-21
Final Design
SOLVIS GmbH & Co KG
Design and Sizing
6-22
7. Assembly of Installations
General Considerations
Assembly of Installations
7-1
Safety during Assembly
7-2
Assembly on Level Roofs
7-3
www.sonnenkraft.com
Collector Assembly on Flat Roofs
7-4
M. Schnauss
Recommended Clearance between Collector Banks
7-5
Assembly of Collectors
7-6
ViIESSMANN AG
Support Structure
7-7
Valentin Energiesoftware
Storage Tank
7-8
Jenni Energietechnik AG
Connection of a Tank Group in Series and in Parallel
7-9
Piping
7-10
Thermal Expansion
7-11
Jointing copper tubes
7-12
Deutsches Kupferinstitut
Electrochemical Series
7-13
Expansion Chamber
7-14
Connection of Cold Water to All Components
7-15
Assembly of other Components
7-16
Assembly of Sensors
7-17
Positioning of Sensors in Collector Bank
7-18
Positioning of Radiation Sensors
7-19
Kipp & Zonen www.rg-messtechnik.de
Positioning of Connections Compact System
7-20
Positioning of Connection Forced Circulation System
7-21
Appearance and "Final" Comments
7-22
8. Operation and Maintenance
Entry into Operation Defects and Possible Causes Maintenance
Entry into Operation
Operation and Maintenance
8-1
Characteristics of AntiFreeze Fluid
8-2
Boiling Temperature of WaterGlycol Mix
8-3
Defects and Possible Causes
8-4
Maintenance
8-5
Electrical Cabinet
SATAG Thermotechnik AG
8-6
Air Purging
8-7
LowTemperature Solar Thermal Systems Course for Installers

Publisher: Solarpraxis AG www.solarpraxis.de European Copper Institute www.eurocopper.org Marcial Serrano, Valeriano Ruiz, Germn Lopez, KarlHeinz Remmers, Michaela Fischbach, Falk Antony, Richard Schlicht, www.energiebuero-berlin.de Solarpraxis AG pro-diction Nicholas Hay Copper Development Association www.cda.org.uk 3-934595-35-9
In association with:
Authors:
Layout: Translation: Copy editor:
ISBN:
Copyright 2005 Solarpraxis AG

Solar Thermal 050210

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LowTemperature Solar Thermal Systems Course for Installers

Energy System Environmental Considerations Economic and Market Aspects

World Primary Energy Reserves

World Energy System

2. Solar Resources Solar Radiation

The Sun as an Energy Source

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Diagram of Solar Altitude with Silhouette of Obstacle

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Interaction Between Solar Radiation and Earth Atmosphere

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Solar Radiation on the Surface of the Earth

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Measurement of Solar Radiation

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Kipp & Zonen www.rg-messtechnik.de

Solar Radiation as a Function of the Weather

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Solar Radiation Calculations

Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m d) City: London

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

3. Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Typical Solar Installations With Main Components Forced Circulation

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Typical Solar Installations with Main Components Thermosiphon Type

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Components of a Solar Thermal Installation Forced Circulation

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Components of a Solar Thermal Installation Thermosiphon Type

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

FlatPlate Solar Collector

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

FlatPlate Solar Thermal Collector Cutaway View

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Vacuum Tube Collectors

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Vacuum Tube Collectors

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Principle of Solar Thermal Collection

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Transmissive Selectivity (Greenhouse Effect)

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Absorption Emission Selectivity

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Efficiency of Solar Thermal Collector

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Efficiency Curves of Collectors and Application Areas

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Efficiency Curve of Solar Thermal Collector

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Collector Without Transparent Cover

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

"Normal" SolarThermal Collector

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Special PlateType Collectors

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Definition of Flat Collector Surfaces

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Most Common Forms of Absorber Plates

Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation